Chap 1 – Web Essentials

Basic Terms
1. www – in the years 1989-1991, the British computer
scientist Berners - Lee developed World Wide Web
(www).
 www is a system of interlinked hypertext
documents accessed via the internet.
 with a web browser, one can view web pages that
may contain text, images, videos and other
multimedia, and navigate between them via
hyperlinks.
2. Web site -A website is a collection of related web
pages, including multimedia content, published on
at least one web server. A website may be accessible
via a public Internet Protocol (IP) network, such
as the Internet, or a private local area
network (LAN), by referencing a uniform
resource locator (URL) that identifies the site.
 As www uses internet, it is client server based
system.
 A separate web server is maintained to access web
pages.
 upon client’s request, server responds appropriate
web pages
3. Web application – or web app is any software that
runs in a web browser. It is created in browser –
supported programming languages such as the
combination of JavaScript, HTML, CSS etc. And
relies on a web browser to render the application
4. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) – it is the main
markup language (code for formatting) for
displaying web pages and other information that can
be displayed in a web browser.
5. Web server - is a program that uses HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol) to accept request from web clients
and return an appropriate resource in the HTTP
response.
Client – Server Communication
 Client – server model is a technology which is based
on distribution of task or function between two
independent processes i.e client and server.
 Client – server model is a concept for describing
communications between computing processes that
are classified as service consumers (clients) and
service providers (servers).
 2 parts of client –server models:
 Client : it is a computer in network that request services
from a server process.
 Server : it is a computer in network that serves or provides
the requested services(response) to client process.
Communication in client - server
 Communication in clients and servers exchange
messages in a request – response messaging pattern.
 The client sends a request and the server returns a
response.
 To communicate, the computers must have common
language, and they must follow rules so that both the
client and the server know what to expect
 The language and rules of communication are defined
in a communication protocol.
Internet protocols
 A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication. Its
an agreement between communicating devices.
 Internet protocols include –
 HTTP(hypertext transfer protocol)
 FTP (file transfer protocol)
 IP (internet protocol)
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer protocol)
 HTTP is used to define how the client server
programs can be written to retrieve web pages
from web.
 It is described in [RFC 1945] and [RFC 2616].
 HTTP is connection oriented and reliable protocol.
 It is a stateless protocol means the current request
does not know what has been done in previous
requests.
 HTTP defines how web browser communicate with
web server.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
 FTP is used to transfer files between two computers over a
network and internet.
 FTP is described in RFC 959
 FTP can transfer files between any computers that have an
internet connection, and also works between computer totally
different operating system.
 Transferring files from a client computer to server computer is
called uploading and transferring from a server to client is
downloading.
IP (Internet Protocol)
 IP facilitates communication between computers within
the Internet.
 It is an unreliable, connectionless protocol.
 It is documented in RFC 791.
 It is a method by which data is sent from one computer to
another on the internet.
 Each computer(known as a host) on the internet has at
least one IP address(unique identifier).
 IP is responsible for addressing hosts and for routing
datagrams (packets) from a source to a destination host
across one or more IP networks.
 Versions of IP –
 Internet Protocol Version 4(IPv4)
 Internet Protocol Version 6(IPv6)
HTTP Message