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2. Talking to informants
B. Participant-as-observer
C. Observer-as-participant
D. Complete observer
Recording observations
Field journal
To record empirical data
To record interpretations
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Data analysis in field work
Data analysis in field work is an ongoing
process
Constant interaction between data collection
and data analysis.
Look for:
Similarities, norms, and universals
Dissimilarities, differences, and deviations from
norms
Selective perception can be a problem as you
learn more about the topic
Asking Questions: The Field
Research Interview
Types of qualitative interviews:
Structured
Semistructured
Depth
Behaviour or experience
Opinion or belief
Feelings
Knowledge
Sensory
Background or demographic
Questions to avoid:
Audio or videotaping
Researcher as research instrument
Manageable size
Question-and-answer
Sensitive issues
Flexibility
Natural environment
Longitudinal analysis
Relatively inexpensive
Disadvantages of field research
Not applicable to the investigation of large
social settings
Making generalizations can be problematic
Biases, attitudes, and assumptions of the
researcher can be problem
Selective perception and memory
Selectivity in data collection
Presence of the researcher may change the
system or group being studied
Virtually impossible to replicate the findings
Validity and Reliability
Validity very high
Can document complexity of human behaviour
Detailed descriptions
Reliability low
Subjective
Difficult to replicate