NIT5110 - Networking Systems: Lecture 1: Introduction

NIT5110 –
Networking
Systems
LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION
P R O F Y U A N M I AO
Y U A N . M I AO @ V U . E D U . A U
Outline
Weekly
Teaching
Schedule
Unit of Software &

Content
Study Tools
Assessment Text
Types of
Networks
Introduction Internet &

to Networks Protocol
Practice &
OSI Model
Lab Session
NIT5110 - Networking Systems 2

Unit of Study

Subject Aims and
Objectives
This unit presents an overview of computer networking systems, laying the
foundation for more advanced wired and wireless networking units in the
course.
It includes a perspective on the evolution of networking systems and their

future.
This knowledge and skills will be applied to analyze, evaluate, develop and
design current and future computer networks.

Subject Aims and
Objectives
Topics include:
◦ computer networks and the Internet,
◦ seven-layer OSI Model,
◦ network design,
◦ Sub-networking,
◦ Routing & switching,
◦ VLAN,
◦ IPv6,
◦ network implementation with CISCO routers and switches,
◦ and more...

Time and Room
Allocation
Each week, we have
◦ Two-hour lecture
◦ One-hour tutorial/laboratory
Attendance is important!
◦ You will be asked to submit your tutorial/laboratory work by end of the class
◦ Both individual tasks and group work will be constructed in tutorial/laboratory
sessions

Teaching Team
Lecturer/Tutor Please contact me for
◦ Prof Yuan Miao ◦ Consultation
◦ Yuan.Miao@vu.edu.au ◦ Problem or issues in NIT5110
◦ Please make appointment via email
If you need any issue, please let

me be the first one to know

Materials & Tools
Recommended Text
◦ Computer Networking: A Top-down Approach, 6th edition. (2013) James F. Kurose &
Keith W. Ross
◦ 31 Days Before Your CCNA Exam: A Day-by-Day Quick Reference Study Guide, Scott
Bennett, Cisco Press.
Software & Tools

◦ For practical sessions, it is assumed that you have access to a current version of Cisco
software: Packet Tracer
◦ https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0QlxO5b3oiBYW1VSzBQY1E3UkU/view?usp=shari
ng

Assessments &
Requirements
Assessments:
◦ Final Exam (45%)
◦ One Mid-Semester Test (30%), 3hr in-class test
◦ One Assignment (25%), 3hr in-class assignment
Requirements (Student Responsibilities)

◦ Students must obtain an overall grade of 50% or greater for their combined
assessment scores

Weekly Schedule
Week Topic
1 Introduction to Internet, OSI Model
2 Number Systems, IP Addressing
3 Sub-networking, Network Design
4 Advanced Network Design, Sub-networking with Variable Size
Networks
5 Assignment
6 Routing, Static Routing, distance Vector Routing Algorithm
7 Routing, RIP, EIGRP
8 Routing, Link State Routing Algorithm, OSPF, Test Review
9 Test
10 Data Link, VLAN
11 IPv6 Networking & Routing
12 Selected Topics, WAN

Plagiarism & Collusion
Plagiarism and collusion are not tolerated by Victoria University, as intellectual
property belonging to others should always be respected. It is important to
acknowledge the work of other authors, especially in completing the
assignment for this subject.
For help in referencing start at

http://www.vu.edu.au/campuses-services/student-support/language-learning/
academic-writing
Any person found colluding or plagiarizing will face disciplinary action. Further
information on university policy is available at
http://tls.vu.edu.au/SLS/slu/ReadingWriting/Plagiarism/Plagiarism.htm

Overview of
Networks
W H AT I S I N T E R N E T ?
TYPES OF NETWORKS
W H AT I S A P R O T O C O L ?
I N T E R N E T P R O T O C O L S TA C K , O S I L AY E R E D
MODEL
E N C A P S U L AT I O N
D E L AY S , T H R O U G H P U T S & L I N K S P E E D

What is
Internet?

What is Internet? – “Nuts & Bolts”
View
Millions of connected computing devices
PC server
◦ hosts = end systems
◦ running network apps
wireless cellular
laptop handheld
Communication links
◦ fiber, copper, radio, satellite
◦ transmission rate = bandwidth access
points wired
links
Routers
◦ forward packets (chunks of data)
router

What is Internet? – “Nuts & Bolts”
View
Millions of connected computing devices Mobile network
◦ hosts = end systems
◦ running network apps Global ISP
Communication links Home network

◦ fiber, copper, radio, satellite
Regional ISP
◦ transmission rate = bandwidth
Routers Institutional network

◦ forward packets (chunks of data)

What is Internet? – “Nuts & Bolts” View
Protocols control sending, receiving of msgs Mobile network

◦ e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, Ethernet
Global ISP
Internet: “network of networks”

◦ loosely hierarchical Home network
◦ public Internet versus private intranet Regional ISP
Internet standards Institutional network

◦ RFC: Request for comments
◦ IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force

What is Internet? – A Service View
Communication infrastructure enables Mobile network

distributed applications:
◦ Web, VoIP, email, games, e-commerce, file Global ISP
sharing
Home network
Communication services provided to apps:
Regional ISP
◦ reliable data delivery from source to
destination
◦ “best effort” (unreliable) data delivery
Institutional network

Internet Structure – Network of
Networks
Roughly hierarchical
At center: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, AT&T, Cable and Wireless),
national/international coverage
◦ treat each other as equals
Tier-1
providers
Tier 1 ISP
interconnect
(peer)
privately
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP

Tier-1 ISP: Sprint (e.g.)
POP: point-of-presence
to/from backbone
peering
… …
… .
…
to/from customers

Networks
“Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs
◦ Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs
Tier-2 ISP pays tier-

1 ISP for Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISPs also
connectivity to rest peer privately
of Internet Tier 1 ISP with each other.
 tier-2 ISP is
customer of
tier-1 provider
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Internet Structure – Network of Networks
“Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs
◦ last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)
local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Local and tier- 3 Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISPs are
customers of Tier 1 ISP
higher tier ISPs
connecting them
to rest of
Internet Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
local
local ISP
local local
ISP ISP ISP
Networks
A packet passes through many networks!
local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP

local
local ISP
local local
ISP ISP ISP
Types of
Networks
C LIENT- SERVER NETW ORKS
ETHERNET
IN STITUTIONAL NETW ORKS
C ABLE AC CESS NETW ORKS
D ATA C ENTRE NETWO RKS

Physical Topologies

Client-server Network
Server:
always-on host
permanent IP address or domain name
data centers for scaling
Clients:
communicate with server
may be intermittently connected
may have dynamic IP addresses
do not communicate directly with each
other

Ethernet
“Dominant” wired small network (LAN: Local Area Network)
technology
◦ cheap $20 for NIC
◦ first widely used LAN technology
◦ kept up with speed race: 10 Mbps – 10 Gbps data transfers
switch
coaxial cable

Institutional Networks
mail server
to external
network web server
router
IP subnet

Cable Access Networks
Internet frames, TV channels, control transmitted
downstream at different frequencies
cable headend
CMTS
…
cable
cable modem
… splitter
modem
termination system
ISP
upstream Internet frames, TV control, transmitted

upstream at different frequencies in time slots

Data Centre Networks
10’s to 100’s of thousands of hosts, often closely coupled, in close proximity:
◦ e-business (e.g. Amazon)
◦ Content-servers (e.g., YouTube, Akamai, Apple, Microsoft)
◦ Search engines, data mining (e.g., Google)
• Challenges:
– multiple applications, each
serving massive numbers of
clients
– managing/balancing load,
avoiding processing, networking,
data bottlenecks
Inside a 40-ft Microsoft container,
Chicago data center

load balancer
 receives external client requests
 directs workload within data center
Internet  returns results to external client
(hiding data center internals from
client)
Border router
Load Load
balancer Access router balancer
Tier-1 switches
B
A C Tier-2 switches
TOR switches
Server racks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Rich interconnection among switches, racks:
◦ increased throughput between racks (multiple routing paths possible)
◦ increased reliability via redundancy
Tier-1 switches
Tier-2 switches
TOR
switches
Server racks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

What is a
Protocol?

What is a Protocol?
Inter connected is not enough to ensure nodes talk to each other; protocols
are essential for them to communicate
◦ Speed, how fast shall we talk
◦ How do we talk, who talk first, can we talk together
◦ Do you understand what I am talking? Semantic definition

What is a Protocol?
HUMAN PROTOCOL COMPUTER NETWORK PROTOCOL
TCP connection
Hi request
TCP connection
Hi response
Get
Got the time? http://www.awl.com/k
urose-ross
2:00pm
time <file>

What is a Protocol?
HUMAN PROTOCOL COMPUTER NETWORK PROTOCOL
TCP connection
Hi request
TCP connection
Hi response
Get
Got the time? http://www.awl.com/k
urose-ross
? time <file>
Question: What will happen if the

message is not delivered?

Internet Protocol
Stack,
OSI Layered Model
& Encapsulation

Internet Protocol Stack
Application: supporting network applications
◦ FTP, SMTP, HTTP Application
Transport: process-process data transfer
◦ TCP, UDP Transport
Network: routing of datagrams from source to
destination
Network
◦ IP, routing protocols
Link
Link: data transfer between neighboring network
elements
◦ PPP, Ethernet Physical
Physical: bits “on the wire”

OSI/ISO Reference
Model
Presentation: allow applications to interpret meaning of
data, e.g., encryption, compression, machine-specific
conventions Application
Session: synchronization, check-pointing, recovery of data Presentation
exchange
Session
Transport
Internet stack “missing” these layers!
◦ these services, if needed, must be implemented in Network
application
Link
◦ needed?
Physical

source Encapsulation
message M application
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical
switch
destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
Encapsulation
Example:
- datagram is IP layer (network) data,using ip address to identify network

nodes;
- When it is passed on the lower layer (data link), it is encapsulated with a head
for data link layer, which uses MAC address to identify nodes; the head (HL)
contains source and destination MAC address
- The frame is then converted to physical signal and transmitted to the switch,
with data link layer address, and further passed on to the router;
- Router will remove the datalink layer head, exposed the datagram head, read
the IP address (destination), decide the route (routing table), and add data link
layer head again (new source and destination MAC address)
…

Internet Protocol Stack, OSI Layered Model &
Encapsulation
Why layered
◦ network communication is too complex – decompose the task
into simpler tasks, such as physical connection, routing or end
to end flow control
◦ different providers specialised in different aspects, switching,
routing, short distance, long distance
◦ different evolution time frame, application layer evolves much
faster than physical layer
◦ Layered model defines standard interface between layers, thus
each layer’s change will be largely transparent to other layers

Internet Protocol Stack, OSI Layered Model &
Encapsulation
E.g. if the network media is changed to fibre, does it affect your website?
What if it changes to IP v6?
- physical layer change will not affect the function of application layer or
networking layer, although the speed or reliability may be improved
- routing is at IP layer; migrating from ipv4 to ipv6 should not affect other
layers such as physical layer or application layer; OSI layered model allows each
layer evolve independently
Similar questions are:
How different layers talk with each other? Do routers need to know what sites
you are browsing to route your packets? Do network cards need to know what
sites you are browsing?

Delays, Throughputs
& Link Speed

Four Sources of Packet
Delay
1. Nodal processing: 2. Queuing
◦ check bit errors ◦ time waiting at output link for
◦ determine output link transmission
◦ depends on congestion level of router
transmission
A propagation
B
nodal
processing queueing

Four Sources of Packet
Delay
3. Transmission delay: 4. Propagation delay:
◦ R=link bandwidth (bps) ◦ d = length of physical link
◦ L=packet length (bits) ◦ s = propagation speed in medium
◦ time to send bits into link = L/R (~2x108 m/sec)
◦ propagation delay = d/s
transmission
A propagation
B
nodal
processing queueing

Fleet Analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
fleet booth booth
• cars “propagate” at 100 km/hr • Time to “push” the entire fleet

through toll booth onto highway =
• toll booth takes 30 sec to service car 30 (sec) *10 (cars) = 300 sec
(transmission time)
• Time for last car to propagate
• car~bit; fleet ~ packet (travel) from the 1st both to the
2nd toll both: 100km/
(100km/hr)= 1 hr
Q: How long until the fleet clear the
2nd toll booth? A: 65.5 minutes

Fleet Analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
fleet booth booth
• cars “propagate” at 1000 km/hr • Time to “push” the entire fleet

through toll booth onto highway =
• toll booth takes 30 sec to service car 30*10 = 300 sec
(transmission time)
• Time for last car to propagate from
• car~bit; fleet ~ packet 1st to 2nd toll both: 1000km/
(1000km/hr)= 0.1 hr
Q: How long until the fleet clear the A: 6 (last car travel time) +5 (300 sec,
2nd toll booth? last car passed the 1st booth)+.5 (last car
passed the 2nd booth) =11.5 minutes

Fleet Analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
fleet booth booth
• Time to “push” the entire fleet through

• cars “propagate” at 10000 km/hr
toll booth onto highway = 30*10 = 300
sec
• toll booth takes 30 sec to service car
(transmission time)
• Time for last car to propagate from 1st to
2nd toll both: 10000km/(10000km/hr)=
• car~bit; fleet ~ packet
0.01 hr
A: 0.6+5.5=6.1 minutes , majority time is no

Q: How long until the fleet clear the
longer the propagation time; the bottle neck
2nd toll booth?
is the processing time at the booth

Throughput & Link
Speed
Throughput is what can be sent through, while link speed is the capability a link
can transmit as maximum speed.
Similar to the earlier analogy, there are other factors can affect the throughput
significantly, besides the link speed.
One of the possible case is the protocol. When a protocol requires

acknowledgement from the receiver, it will affect the throughput, particularly
when the end to end connection is the over a long distance.

Throughput & Link
Speed
For example, if each data frame is required an acknowledgement, then the next frame will not
be sent before the acknowledgement received (toll booth will not release next car before the
confirmation messenger from the exit booth arrived;). Suppose a frame size is 1024 bytes, the
distance is 3000 km:
- the propagation time is distance / light speed = 3000km / 300000 km/h = 0.01 hr = 36 s
- round trip (acknowledgement received) = 2 x 36s = 72s
- throughput (total bits sent) = 1024 x 8 (bits) / 72s = 114 bps = 0.1 kbps
- That means, even with a link of 100Mbps or 1000Mbps, the throughput will be only
0.1kbps .
- It shows the importance of the protocol design. Frequent acknowledgement in long distance
communication is undesirable.
- When the switch processing time changes, link quality changes, file size changes, the
protocol needs to be adjusted accordingly to gain the maximum speed.

Practice & Lab
Session

Subject Focus
This subject will focus on the core part for the devices and networks to be
interconnected: the data link layer and network layer
Data link layer’s main function is switching
Network layer’s main function is routing

Networking Labs – Packet Tracer
Weekly lab and practice of network design and implementation will be using
Packet Tracer
You will have chance to use Cisco Router and Switches to design and
implement a real network in major assignments or labs

Lab 1.1 – Packet Tracer
1. Download Packet Tracer and install with your computer
2. If the lab computer does not allow you to install, use Amazon server. You
can request a free one (http://aws.amazon.com/free/)
3. Watch the tutorial to be familiar with the software

Lab 1.2 – Connect
Devices
1. Drag devices to the workspace

2. Connect them together

Lab 1.3 – Configure the
Router
1. Click on the router, change to CLI tab
2. Enter the following commands:
Enable
Config terminal
hostname R1
interface F0/0
ip address 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0
No shut
Exit
interface F0/1
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
No shut
Exit

Lab 1.3 – Configure the
Router
You may not understand all of the commands, which will be introduced to you
in later lectures.
You can search the Internet on the meaning of the commands. Self learning is a
capability that IT professionals need as technologies are developed at an
extraordinary pace.

Lab 1.4 – Configure the Host Computer
Click on the host, choose Desktop tab, and click IP Configuration.

Lab 1.4 – Configure the Host Computer
Enter the following configuration
Repeat this step for all

the other PCs

Lab 1.5 – Verify
Connectivity
Click the Command Prompt

Lab 1.5 – Verify
Connectivity
Ping is a command to verify the connectivity. Try to ping router, the other side
of router interface, and the other PC one by one.
Ping 192.168.0.1
Ping 192.168.1.1
Ping 192.168.1.2

Lab Summary
The lab is getting familiar with the lab environment. The meaning of the
command and configuration will be further studied in the following lectures
Later you will have opportunity to conduct the labs with physical routers,
switches and pcs

Study Portfolio
All the assigned tasks including lab tasks shall be maintained as a study
portfolio
It will be assessed every fortnight
Final submission of study portfolio for assessment will be at week 11

Next Week
NUMBER SYSTEMS & IP
ADDRESSING

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NIT5110 –

Unit of Software &

Introduction Internet &

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 2

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 3

It includes a perspective on the evolution of networking systems and their

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 4

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 5

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 6

If you need any issue, please let

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 7

Software & Tools

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 8

Requirements (Student Responsibilities)

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 9

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 10

For help in referencing start at

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 11

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 12

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 13

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 14

Communication links Home network

Routers Institutional network

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 15

Protocols control sending, receiving of msgs Mobile network

Internet: “network of networks”

Internet standards Institutional network

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 16

Communication infrastructure enables Mobile network

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 17

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 18

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 19

Tier-2 ISP pays tier-

Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 20

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 23

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 24

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 25

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 26

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 27

upstream Internet frames, TV control, transmitted

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 28

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 29

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 30

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 31

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 32

◦ Speed, how fast shall we talk

◦ How do we talk, who talk first, can we talk together

◦ Do you understand what I am talking? Semantic definition

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 33

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 34

Question: What will happen if the

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 35

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 36

Physical: bits “on the wire”

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 37

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 38

- datagram is IP layer (network) data,using ip address to identify network

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 40

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 41

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 42

NIT5110 - Networking Systems 43