 Muhammad Sajid Farooq

 University of the Punjab, Lahore.

 Shahid Mehmood = FT department, Arid university,
ISLAMABAD.
 Asif Mehmood = FT department, Arid university,
ISLAMABAD.
 Anwar Ahmad = FT department, Arid university,
ISLAMABAD.
 Nauman Khalid = University of Tokyo, Japan.
 Tariq Javed = Islamia University, Bahawalpur.
 Necessity of water
 Largely Contaminated
 Only 25% population has access to safe water
 60% infants deaths are caused by Water borne
Diarrhea
 Pakistan is ranked 80th in the World on the
availability of Clean drinking water to its people
To evaluate the quality of
drinking water in selected
areas of capital of Pakistan
and its adjacent city
Rawalpindi.
 Physico-chemical Analysis
• pH, alkalinity, hardness, total dissolved solids, chloride, bicarbonates,
sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphates, phosphates,
nitrates
 Trace Metals Analysis
• lead, copper, cadmium, cobalt, iron and zinc
 Microbial Analysis
• Total viable count, coliforms, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli
 Sampling Areas
• Islamabad and Rawalpindi
 Sample Collection
• Collected in Polyethylene bottles
• Bottles were washed with sample water
• No air bubble entrapped in the bottle
 Instruments
• PH meter
• Flame Photometer
• Atomic absorption Photometer
• TDS meter
PH meter Flame Photometer TDS Meter Atomic Absorption Photometer
 PH
• PH meter
 Sodium and potassium
• Flame photometer
 Nitrate, phosphate, Calcium, magnesium, copper, lead, cadmium,
cobalt, iron, zinc, alkalinity and carbonates
• Atomic absorption spectrophotometer
 Total dissolved solids
• TDS meter.
 All the analysis was conducted Quadruplet
 Total Viable count
• Potato Dextrose Agar
 Colonies count
• Colony Meter
 Coliforms - Chromogenic Agar
• Pinkish Colonies = Coliforms
• Purple Colonies = E. Coli
• Blackish Colonies = fecal Coliforms
 Drinking water Criteria
Parameters Units Mean SD Minimum Maximum Pakistan WHO

pH 7.34 0.24 6.9 7.8 6.5-9.2 6.5–8.5

Alkalinity mg/L 6.74 1.12 3.5 8.2 - -
Calcium mg/L 92.80 21 58 124 75-200 -
Magnesium mg/L 13.60 1.12 11 14.9 50 -
Hardness mg/L 436.80 113.1 264 587 500 500
TDS mg/L 911.00 191.4 674 1227 1000 -
Sodium mg/L 102.70 49.8 29 202 - 200
Potassium mg/L 7.26 2.99 2 14 12 -
Sulfates mg/L 46.23 17 25 82 200 250
Chlorides mg/L 23.30 11.1 10 45 200 250
Bicarbonates mg/L 274.40 61.9 184 383 - -
Nitrates mg/L 0.34 0.21 0.02 0.6 < 50 50
Phosphates mg/L 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.03 - -
Table 2: Physiochemical results of water samples collected from different localities of Pakistan.
 Drinking water Criteria

Parameters Units Mean SD Minimum Maximum Pakistan WHO

Lead mg/L 0.166 0.04 0.10 0.26 0.01 0.01

Copper mg/L 0.040 0.01 0.09 0.01 1 2

Cadmium mg/L 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.003

Cobalt mg/L 0.010 0.01 0.00 0.02 - -

Iron mg/L 0.020 0.01 0.00 0.03 - 0.3

Zinc mg/L 0.010 0.01 0.00 0.02 5.0 3.0

Table 3: Trace metal analysis of water samples collected from different localities of Twin cities of Pakistan.
 Parameters Units Mean SD Minimum Maximum

Total Viable CFU/mL 3.163 1.33 2.26 6.86

Count

Total Coliforms Presence/Absenc Present Present Present Present

e

Fecal Coliforms Presence/Absenc Present Present Present Present

e

E.coli Presence/Absenc Present Present Present Present

e

Table 4: Microbial analysis of water samples collected from different localities of Twin cities of Pakistan.
 PH
• PH range observed = 7.1-7.5
• Safe range by WHO = 6.5-8.5
• So it is into safe range
• Reason?
 Alkalinity
• Alkalinity Observed = 5-7.9 mg/L
• Safe Limit by Canadian rule = 250 mg/L
• Into safe range
• Reason?
 Hardness
• Observed = 265-584 mg/L
• Safe limit by PSQCA = 500 mg/L
• Highest hardness of water (584 mg/L) was observed in NEW MILPUR and
DHOKE RATTAH, so it is above the safe limit in these areas
• Reason of high Hardness?
 TDS
• Observed = 675.3-1224 mg/L
• Safe limit by PSQCA = 1000 mg/L
• Highest TDS was observed in DHOKE RATTAH and NEW MILPUR
• Reason?
 Drinking water Criteria
Parameters Units Mean SD Minimum Maximum Pakistan WHO
Sodium mg/L 102.70 49.8 29 202 - 200
Potassium mg/L 7.26 2.99 2 14 12 -
Sulfates mg/L 46.23 17 25 82 200 250
Chlorides mg/L 23.30 11.1 10 45 200 250
Bicarbonates mg/L 274.40 61.9 184 383 - -
Nitrates mg/L 0.34 0.21 0.02 0.6 < 50 50
Phosphates mg/L 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.03 - -

Table 6: Physiochemical results of water samples collected from different localities of Pakistan.
 Lead
• Observed = 0.010-0.025 mg/L
• Safe range by WHO = 0.05 mg/L
• So it is in Safe range
• Effects?
 Copper was also in safe RANGE
 Cadmium was not observed
Why?
 Total Viable Count,
Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms
were seen in all the samples
 According to WHO safe Limit
=Not a single Microbe
 Effects?
 Collected sample - not
suitable in some aspects
 Hardness, TDS and Ca -
above the safe limit
 Microbial Growth
 PH, Alkalinity in safe range
 Water supply agencies
Rule…..
 Water supply schemes……
 Alternate source should be
identified ……
 Chlorination devices
 Very old/leaking pipes