Chapter 8

Light and Optics

The Use of Mirrors
Real or Virtual Image?

Pinhole Experiment
• A real image is an image that forms
on a screen
• a virtual image is an image that
cannot be formed on a screen.
• Our image forms behind the mirror,
not on the mirror screen.
• The image formed by a plane mirror
is a virtual image.
Usage of concave mirrors
Plane
Mirror
A plane mirror
helps a dancer to
correct his
movement.

A plane mirror
makes a living
room look
spacious.
Concave
Mirror A concave mirror
helps to magnify
the image to make
it easier for
someone to apply
make up.

A concave mirror is used

by a dentist to see the
patient’s teeth so that
the image looks bigger
and closer.
Usage of convex mirrors
 Convex mirror
1) A convex mirror is used as a safety feature at
dangerous corner of a road.
2) Convex mirrors at the supermarket can help a
shopkeeper to see every corner (wider view) of the
supermarket of the supermarket to prevent theft.

Usage of convex mirrors

• Optical instruments are
invented by scientists
based on the concept of
light reflection to
enhance the ability of
human senses.
 PERISCOPE
• Periscope is an instruments used in
submarines to observe the sea
surface.
• Periscope works by using the
concept of reflection of light.
• Light from the sea surface is hit
through the top mirror and is
reflected.
• The light is then reflected again at
the second mirror, right into the eye
of the observer in the submarine.
• Kaleidoscope is a toy made using plane
mirrors.
• With this toy, you can create various amazing
patterns.
• These patterns are obtained due to the
repeated reflection of the image of the objects
inside the kaleidoscope.
• Therefore , the number of image seen is more
than the number of object.
KSSM text book pg. 228

Situation 1:

• We can use a periscope to see

the scenery behind the wall.
KSSM text book pg. 228

It is dangerous to walk on this path because

we cannot see anything around the corner.

We can fix convex mirrors at dangerous

corner.
 KSSM text book pg. 228

It is good if I can see things behind me to

avoid accidents.

You can fix a convex mirror on the bike

to see things behind you.
KSSM text book pg. 229

QUIZ: FORMATIVE PRACTICE

 KSSM text book pg. 229

8.2 Properties of light

Light travels in straight
lines.
We can see the
movement of light in a
light show.
Properties of Light

1. Light is a form of energy

2. Light travels at a speed 300 000 000 m/s or we can

write as 3 X 108 m/s

3. Light travel in straight lines

 KSSM text book pg. 229
Have you even wondered how
shadows are formed?
1. Sunlight travels in straight
lines.
2. Umbrella is an opaque object,
therefore the sunlight cannot
pass through it.
Look at the diagram in the text book and discuss.

3. When light is blocked by an

opaque object, a shadow is
formed behind the opaque
object.
KSSM text book pg. 230

QUIZ: FORMATIVE PRACTICE 8.2

Experiment 8.1
Law of Reflection
Applications

REFLECTION OF LIGHT
Experiment: Reflection of light
Reflection of light
1. Light can be reflected
2. Reflection is the bouncing of light off a surface on
which the light falls
3. A smooth and shiny opaque surface, like a plane
mirror, reflects nearly all the light rays that fall on it

When you look in the mirror, you can see

an image of yourself
4. According to the Law of Reflection:-
i. The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal
are all on the same plane

normal

incident reflected
ray ray

plane mirror
ii. the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection

normal

angle of angle of
incidence reflection
incident reflected
ray ray

plane mirror
5. The knowledge of the reflection of light is used in
the following instruments
i. the periscope – used in submarines to see the
situation on the surface of the sea

Light coming
from the candle
hits the first
mirror and
reflects it to the
second mirror.
The reflected
light will then
enter your eyes
6. The light ray is reflected when it is directed towards
the plane mirror. The characteristics of the image
formed are as follows:-
i. virtual (cannot be formed on a screen)
ii. vertical
iii.of the same size as the object
iv.the distance of the image behind the mirror is the
same as the distance of the object in front of the
mirror
v. laterally inverted
QUIZ: FORMATIVE PRACTICE 8.3
Pintar Bestari pg. 92-93

HOMEWORK: MODULE PBD

Pintar Bestari pg. 94-96

FLIPPED CLASSROOM (HOMEWORK):

MODULE PBD
Experiment 8.2
Refraction Phenomena

REFRACTION OF LIGHT
 8.4 Refraction of Light
The illusion below occur as a result of
the change in the direction of movement
of light travels through two mediums of
different densities.

This phenomenon is known as refraction

of light.
Refraction of light
1. Light does not pass through opaque objects, but it
will pass through anything that is transparent
2. Any substance that light passes through is called
medium such as air, water and glass

3. When light travels from one transparent medium to

another at an angle, it will bend. This effects is
called refraction.
4. The following shows the three situations of the
movement of light rays through two different media
a)

(less dense medium)

(less dense medium)

(denser medium)
(denser medium)
b)

(less dense medium)

(denser medium)
c)

(less dense medium)

(denser medium)
Why does a pencil look
bent in a glass of water?
Daily phenomena of refraction of light are shown
below:

Pencil in a
glass of water
appears bent
A fish in a
river will look
as if it is closer
in the water
due to
refraction too
Fish appears to be much shallower
than its real location due to the
refraction of light .
•The coin
cannot be seen
in P
•The coin can
now be seen
appears to be
closer to the Q
P
surface in Q
The refraction of light when light rays
pass through mediums of different
densities
QUIZ: FORMATIVE PRACTICE 8.4
 Do you know why the components of colour in a
rainbow can be seen when light passes through a glass
prism?

• White light consists of seven components of colour. Each

component of colour travels at a different speed in a medium.
• For example, red light has the highest speed, so red light is
refracted the least.
• However, violet light has the lowest speed, so violet light is
refracted the most.
 Dispersion of white light by a glass
prism
When a white light ray is directed to a prism, the white light will be separated
into its components of colour. This is because the different colours in the white
light bend towards the normal at different angles when entering the prism.
 •When the different
colours leave the glass
prism, they are refracted
away from the normal.

• The different colours are dispersed in an

order that is known as a spectrum.
• The spectrum of white light consists of
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo
and violet color
When sunlight enters rain
droplets in the sky, the white
light will be refracted and
dispersed into seven different
QUIZ: FORMATIVE PRACTICE 8.5
Pintar Bestari pg. 97-98

FLIPPED CLASSROOM (HOMEWORK):

MODULE PBD
Activity 8.8

SCATTERING OF LIGHT
 8.6 Scattering of Light
•Why does the sky appear blue at midday and reddish in the
evening

Reddish sky
Blue Sky
•The two natural phenomena are caused by the scattering of
light.
•Scattering of light occurs when light is reflected in all
directions by cloud or particles in the air
Scattering of Light During
Midday
• During sunset, the sun is at the horizon
.
• Red and orange light are less scattered
and will go through the atmosphere to
reach your eyes.
• Other coloured lights such as blue light
are scattered away.
• Therefore, the sky looks reddish during
sunset.
QUIZ: FORMATIVE PRACTICE 8.6
Pintar Bestari pg. 99-100

FLIPPED CLASSROOM (HOMEWORK):

MODULE PBD
Activity 8.9
Activity 8.10
Activity 8.11

ADDITION AND SUBSTRACTION OF

LIGHT
• Objects with secondary colours
(yellow, magenta or cyan) reflect
the light of same colour.
• The light of primary colours which
form the secondary colour.
A yellow object reflects yellow,
red and green colours. The
overlap of red and green lights
causes the object to appear
yellow.
Black objects appear black because they
absorb colours in white light.

• Black objects absorb all colours in white light.

• No coloured lights are reflected.
• Therefore, the objects appear black
Usually,colour filters are used to
understand the principle of subtraction.
 Secondary colour filters
• Allow only the light of the same
colour and the light of primary
colours which form the secondary
colour to pass through. Light of
other colours are absorbed.
 Difference between Addition and
Subtraction of Light

• Addition and subtraction of light are two difference

principles of light
• The addition of light is the mixing of primary colour
lights to produce secondary colour lights
• Subtraction of light occurs when an opaque object
reflects the light of same colour and absorbs the
light of the other colours.
Examples of Addition and Subtraction
of Light

Examples 1
Colour television
Example 2 Coloured lights on stage

• Photograph 8.16 Coloured lights play a role on

the stage during a performance
• Example 3 Coloured lights • Example 4 Coloured lights at
in a stadium KLCC

• Photograph 8.18 Coloured

• Photograph 8.17 lights in the fountain in front of
Coloured lights in a KLCC
stadium
 Activity 8.11
• Find more information examples of addition
and subtraction of light by surfing the
internet.
• Present your findings using multimedia
presentation (ex: Prezi, PowerPoint, Video,
IGTV and etc.)
QUIZ: FORMATIVE PRACTICE 8.7
KSSM text book pg. 250-252

HOMEWORK:
SUMMATIVE PRACTICE 8
PINTAR BESTARI page 101-105