‡ At the end of the lesson, student should able

to:
a) Explain the factor for the British intervention
b) Explain the local reaction to the colonisation
c) Describe the impact of the colonisation
 @

@ 

‡ Colonial era started in 1511 until 1957 (446

years)
‡ Colonists
a) Portuguese (1511-1641) 130 years
b) Dutch (1641-1824) 183 years
c) British (1824-1942 , 1945-1957) 130 years
d) Siamese (1821-1909) 88 years
e) Japanese (1942-1945) 31/2 years
 @

@ 

Portuguese (1511-
(1511-1641)
‡ Mainly in Malacca ~ attempt to control the
maritime trade in East and to spread
Christianity.
‡ Was opposed by the Malay of Malacca with
the aid of Acheh
‡ Sultan Mahmud tried to get back Malacca but
failed
 @

@ 

Portuguese (1511-
(1511-1641)
‡ Do not leave behind many traces, except in the
area of language, romanized writing and dance
‡ Eurasian community- Catholic and follow
Portuguese custom
‡ Settlement in Malacca
‡ Portuguese bring downfall of Malay Kingdom
of Malacca and started the Johore-Riau Malay
Kingdom
 @

@ 

Dutch (1641-
(1641-1824)
‡ With the aid the Johore, the Dutch defeated
the Portuguese and took Malacca in 1641.
‡ Dutch activity centre mainly in Batavia
(Jakarta)
‡ Dutch only interested in tin ore in Malay
Peninsular
‡ Did not leave many traces- focusing in
colonising Indonesia
‡ Left Malaya after the agreement with the
British in 1824
 @

@ 

British (1824-
(1824-1942, 1945
1945--1957)
‡ Colonised whole Peninsula Malaysia in two
phases
‡ Left behind significance influence on the way
of life of the people. (Political, economy and
social)
‡ Was strongly opposed by the country¶s
population.
 @

@ 

Siamese (1821-
(1821-1909)
‡ Stayed mainly in the northern states of
Malaysia Peninsula ±Kelantan, Perlis and
Kedah
‡ Influence very evidence especially in the area
of religion (Buddhist) and the art
 @

@ 

Japanese (15 Feb 1942-

1942-15 Aug 1945)
‡ Colonised the entire country in 70 days
‡ Aim to establish a New Great East Asia
government and promise to declare
independence for South East Asia countries.
‡ Greatly influence the life of people, especially
between the relationship between the races
‡ Was opposed by the whole country.
 ]
   
‡ British need the raw material for the Industrial
Revolution
‡ Presence of important economic resources such as
tin ore and agriculture products.
‡ Strong competition among the western powers for
colonies to fulfil their economy needs of their country.
‡ Anarchy situation in some of the states- civil war,
war between Chinese society, pirate activities in
Straits of Malacca.
‡ No unity-giving chance for British intervention
 @
@@

@ 

‡ Focused to the opening of Singapore, the

Anglo Dutch Treaty of 1824, and some other
matters e.g. economy.
‡ The English merchants set up the British East
India Company in 1600
‡ Reason: to improve trade in the region,
especially with China.
‡ China was not interested in trading with British-
British looked for other trading zones in the
Malay Archipelago
 @
@@

@ 

A. Penang
‡ On 11 August 1786, agreement between
Sultan Abdullah and Francis Light signed
‡ British protect Sultan Abdullah (Sultan Kedah)
from Siamese threat, .
‡ Penang Island came under the occupation of
British.
 BRITISH INTERVENTION (3)
B. Singapore
‡ British manipulated a local issue of
misunderstanding between Chief Military Officer,
Abdul Rahman (Singapore Administrator) and
Sultan Abdul Rahman in Riau.
‡ On 6th February 1819, Stamford Raffles
occupied Singapore
‡ It was seen as a suitable new base for the British
in the island of Malay Archipelago.
‡ With the occupation of Penang Island and
Singapore the colonisation of British in Malaya
began.
 CONFLICT BETWEEN BRITISH AND
DUTCH
Dutch:
‡ Claim Singapore under his territory
‡ Worry the development of Singapore will affect
his trade in Betawi
British:
‡ Refuse to give Singapore to Dutch
‡ Believe that Singapore will developed as the
platform for their soldier in Malay Archipelago
and trade
Anglo-Dutch Treaty 17/3/1824 (1)
‡ Aim: to end all rivalry between the British and
the Dutch especially in the East.
‡ Dutch was not happy with the British occupation
of Singapore.
‡ The hostility escalated when some British people
were killed in Ambon (a Dutch colony).
 Anglo-Dutch Treaty 17/3/1824 (2)
‡ Term that agreed:
‡ Territoriality
Territoriality- the Dutch handed over Malacca to
the British
‡ British handed Bencoolen (Bangkahulu) to
Dutch
‡ The area south of Singapore belong to the
Dutch, north belong to British
‡ Agreed to work together to eradicate pirate
activities.
 Anglo-Dutch Treaty 17/3/1824 (3)
Consequence:
‡ Malay Archipelago divides into 2 different geo-
political areas
‡ The Johore
Johore--Riau Empire split into 2
2: Johor
belongs to British while the island of Riau
belongs to Dutch.
‡ British control the trade route in Straits of
Malacca without interference from other western
power and
‡ British continue to vast his power in Peninsula
Malaysia
 Straits Settlements (1)
‡ United in 1829 with Penang as capital
‡ Consists Penang, Malacca and Singapore
‡ Governor as the head
‡ First Governor
Governor--Robert Fullerton
‡ 1st April 1867, the administration of Straits
Settlement transferred from Calcutta in India to
the Colonial Office in London
‡ declared Straits Settlements as British Colonial
territory.
 Straits Settlements (2)
‡ The transfer - increase efficiency in
administration.
‡ The commercial agriculture cause the increases
the pirate activities
‡ British start to pay attention to Malay States
 Federated Malay States
‡ Through Federation Agreement 1896
‡ Consist- Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Pahang.
‡ Factor of formation
a) To address Pahang financial problem
b) For efficiency and uniformity in administration
c) To check the Resident¶s power
d) For security
‡ Through federation, the resources from all
member states could be collected and used for a
common benefit to develop other state with
minimal administration costs.
 Non- Federated Malay States
‡ Consist Johore, Kedah, Kelantan, Trengganu and
Perlis.
‡ British advisor was appointed in each state.
 British Intervention in the Malay
States, Sabah and Sarawak (1)
‡ The Malay States that first accepted British
intervention were Perak, Negeri Sembilan ((SgSg
Ujong),
Ujong ), Pahang and Selangor (Federated Malay
States).
‡ Observation:
‡ Colonisation cause by internal
nternal weaknesses
weaknesses- no
unity among the inhabitants- give British chance
and excuse to intervene by installing an advisor
(and later resident)
 British Intervention in the Malay
States, Sabah and Sarawak (2)
‡ We have Important economic resources such
as tin ore and agriculture products in the states
‡ British introduce Resident system to
strengthen their hold over the colonised
territory.
‡ Resident system
a) 1874- Perak, Selangor, Sg Ujong
b) 1888- Pahang
c) 1895- whole Negri Sembilan
d) 1914-Johor
 British Intervention in the Malay
States, Sabah and Sarawak (3)
‡ Every Malay State that was conquered had a
British Resident.
‡ Role of Resident is to advise Sultan but in
certain cases, the Resident had power over
state officers.
 › ect (1)

6
  
‡ State was divided into districts divisions or
residency and village-each have their own
head
‡ Establish police force for peacekeeping
 › ect (2)

°

‡ Traditional ruling system destroyed
‡ Ruler as the advisor for religion and custom
matters only
 › ect (3)

 


‡ Public infrastructures (roads, railway tracks)
were built
‡ Introducing new plants such as rubber
‡ Developed tin mining, Urbanisation
‡ Imbalance - development focused mainly on
the areas like tin mining areas, towns and
states of the West Coast of the Peninsula
‡ Immigrants and Western investors
monopolised the economic resources while the
local ethnic community was still tied with their
traditional economy and lives the village
 › ect (4)


 
‡ Introduce taxation system and imposition of
licenses on boats and firearms
‡ British enforced the ban of slavery
slavery.
‡ Encouraged immigrant workers from India and
China to assist the development of rubber
estates and tin mines
 !onsequence
‡ The development of infrastructure concentrate
in towns and centres of economic activities
‡ British brought in Chinese and Indian worker
‡ Chinese and Indian foreign workers are
isolated from the locals in term of living
quarters and occupation
‡ No interaction between them and increased
the social gap between them.
 






‡ Reason: The people felt that their positions had

been eroded
‡ °
 -
a) the British met with opposition from Sultan Abdullah,
Dato Maharaja Lela, Menteri Larut, Datuk Sagor and
other chiefs.
b) J.W.W. Birch interfere with the Malay custom and do not
understand the Malay custom
c) British abolish slavery practice
d) Preventing tax collecting by the local official
e) It climaxed with the murder of J.W.W. Birch, the resident
by Dato Maharajalela.
 






@ °  
‡ Pahang chiefs, especially Dato Bahaman, Tok
Gajah and Mat Kilau, opposed British.
‡ Dato Bahaman received Sultan Ahmad blessings
who felt his position challenged by the British.
‡ The people supported the struggle because they
was angered by the British who had imposed taxes
in things.
‡ Local dignitaries lost the source of income from
taxes
‡ Sultan Ahmad was force to bow to British
‡ A holy war was launched against the British
 






‡ In 
  , the British introduced the taxation
system and make the local felt angered.
‡ British appointed a District Office in Pasir Putih
and imposed taxes to local people
‡ Tok Janggut arose to oppose the British but at
the end he lose his life.
‡ The opposition is known as Tok Janggut
Rebellion
 






‡ In


 ,
‡ taxation system and other regulation imposed by the
British were not well received by the local people
too.
‡ Main reason: British makes things difficult for Muslim
going against teaching of religion and imposition of
all sorts of taxes.
‡ Conflict took place in 1922,1925 and 1928 because
British introduce pass for farmer to cultivate land.
‡ The rebellion was known as Peasants¶ Rebellion by
Abdul Rahman Limbong
 






‡ In    ,
‡ James Brooke expand influence through military
force aroused the anger of the Malay and Iban.
‡ Sharif Masahor ± objection to James Brooke
occupying Sg Rejang
‡ Rentap opposed British action to end piracy and
head hunting activities.
‡ Banting opposed British action to destroy the
customs and traditions of the local populations.
 






‡ In   ,
‡ Mat Salleh arouse to oppose British because his
position was challenged and his people burden
with unfair taxation
‡ Antanum opposed British¶s action against the
practice of shifting cultivation
cultivation, the construction of
highway in Murut territory and Murut being force
to be labourers in the construction of roads.
‡ Known as Rundum Revival
 






Japanese Occupation
‡ The Japanese oppression of the local people.
‡ Communist Party of Malaya establish Malayan
People Anti Japanese Army (MPAJA). Most of the
members were Chinese.
‡ Malay form the voluntary Army and Malay Regiment.
‡ E.g.:Tentera Wataniah by the Malay in Pahang Askar
Melayu Setia, Perak, Guerilla Kinabalu in Sabah
‡ Guerilla warfare
warfare-- hiding in the jungle and attack
Japanese from time to time
  






1. Colonisation caused the local population, the

leader s and the rulers lose control in their own
country.
2. The foreigners exploited the natural resources
and the system of taxation thus taking away the
income of local officials.
3. Local population reluctant to pay taxes to
foreigners as they have no right to receive any
payment of taxes
 




 

4. Ignorance of British in understanding the local

customs and practices. They were accused of
not respecting the local customary practices,
Instead they tried to eradicate them.
‡ Customary practices included
a) slavery
b) the traditions of head hunting
c) the practice of shifting cultivation
d) imposition of pass for tilling the soil

  

‡ Before 20th century- opposition toward colonisation
took the form of a bloody struggle.
‡ The local people use arms and sacrificed their live
to free themselves from foreigners control.
‡ After 20th century, the struggle took another form.
‡ Many changes by British that lead the people to
fight for the independence without bloodshed.
‡ They use organisation and mass media to
struggle. E.g.: Utusan Melayu, Saudara,
‡ Association and organisation. E.g. Union in every
group like Kelantan Malay Association.