PROTECTION LAYERS

(SAFEGUARDS)

By
Hamdan Mohamed Yusoff, PhD
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Protection Emergency response
layers
Containment

Relief system

SIS (SIFs)/ESD system

Critical Alarms & Human
Intervention
BPCS/Alarm
Inherently Safer
Design

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 Protection layers Emergency response

classification Containment

Relief system

SIS (SIF)/ESD

Critical Alarms &

Preventive Mitigative Human Intervention

BPCS/Alarm
Inherently
Safer Design

A safeguard A safeguard to
between an reduce the
initiating cause consequences of
and loss event an incident

E.g.~ E.g.~ Fire

SIS, relief system protection system

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 Types of Protection layers
Effluent
Equipment ER
disposal
Isolation system
Relief Fire
Systems Fighting

ISS Arresters

Explosion
BPCS
supression

Specialty
Ignition Protection
ECH 5506 Mitigation
Control Layers system

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 Ignition Control
Electrical
Area
classification Purging &
Lightning Pressurised
Enclosure
Ignition
Control Ex-
Static
Equipment
Electricity

Ventilation/
Exhaust

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 BPCS

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 Instrumented Safety System (ISS)
• A specific type of ISF
SIS (IEC 61511) • IEC 61511/
 Life cycle
• ISA 84.00.01-2004
 SIL
 Engineering aspect
SIFs

ISFs
INDEPENDENT

• ISA 84.91.01
• Can also be
ISS
embedded in
BPCS
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 IEC61580

Process
Rail Defence Automotive Miscellaneous
Oil & Gas

IEC ISA IGEM Guide to OLF

61511 84.00.01 SR/15 IEC 61511 070

Nuclear Avionic Medical

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IEC 61511 Hazard & Risk Analysis

Life Cycle
Process
Assign safety Functions to
Protection layers

Manage Functional safety

Develop Safety Requirement Design & Develop safety
Specification for the SIS Functions for non- SIS layer

Illustration on how an Design and Engineer SIS

owner/operator plans
to assess, design,
Install, Commission &
engineer, verify, Validate
install, commission,
validate, operate,
Operate and Maintained
maintain, and
continuously improve
their SIS. Manage change

Decommissioning

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 Safety Relief System

• Entirely self-contained, no external power

required
• The action is automatic - does not require a
person
• Usually, goal is to achieve reasonable pressure
- Prevent high (over-) pressure
- Prevent low (under-) pressure
• The capacity should be for the “worst case”
scenario
 Safety Relief Systems

Relief systems
Relief Relief
Sizing
scenarios devices

Process Rupture Vapour

Vacuum PRV
upset disc service

Equipment Failure Liquid Liquid

PVRV
seals service
External Fire
Design Institute for Flashing
Thermal Expansion Emergency Relief Systems liquids
(DIERS)
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 Equipment Isolation

Design

Depressurization
Equipment
Flowrate
Isolation
Isolation
valve

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 Effluent disposal

Effluent disposal

Design
consideration

Blowdown Incineration Vapour

Flares
system system Control system
• Elevated flares - Drainage system
• Ground flares - Disengaging Facilities
• Low Pressure flares - Quench drums
• Burn pits See Guidelines for
Pressure Relief and
Effluent Handling
Systems
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 Emergency Response system

ER system

Detection Plant Emergency

system Alarms & Surveillance

Gas/Fire Leak Shelter-

Evacuation
Detector Detector in-Place

Flammable
Toxic gas Smoke
gas

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 Fire fighting system
• Flame retardant
• Fire resistance Structural
Fireproofing
• Water
• Foam
• Carbon dioxide
• Dry chemical
• Clean agents

Fire Fire Fighting

Extinguisher Agents

Mitigation Fire Water

systems systems• Water spray system
• Water mist system
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 Flame Arrestors
Detonation arrestor
• prevent the propagation of
unconfined deflagrations, confined
deflagrations, stable detonations
and overdriven detonations.
• d

Design Criteria: Deflagration arrestor

 Flame propagation direction • Stop a flame from propagating
 Material selection requirements
 System constrain
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 Flame Front Generation
If any flammable mixture of vapor or gas comes in contact with
an ignition source, a flame front will develop. This flame will burn
through the vapor or gas until:
1. The supply of fuel (vapor or
gas) is consumed.
2. The heat necessary to sustain
combustion is removed.
3. The oxygen concentration
becomes either too high or
too low to allow continued
burning.
If a flame front is propagating at a speed
less than the speed of sound in the vapor,
it is known as a deflagration.
A flame front that propagates at a shock
wave at the speed of sound in the vapor is
known as a (stable) detonation.
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A deflagration may develop in the atmosphere as an unconfined
deflagration, or in an enclosed area, typically a piping system, as a
confined deflagration.
Detonations and
overdriven detonations
are most commonly
encountered in closed
piping systems.

A confined deflagration (e.g. - an ignition in a run of pipe) starts at low

speed and pressure. As the flame front propagates in the pipe, its speed
and associated pressure increase. In long or complicated (multiple
bends) pipe runs the flame accelerates until it transitions through an
overdriven detonation state into a stable detonation. In a 4.3%
propane/air mixture the stable detonation velocity is 5800 ft/sec and the
associated pressure is approximately 300-400 PSIG.
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 Explosion supression

Detection  Pressure detector

 Rate detector
 Optical detector

Extinguishment  Thermal quenching

 Chemical Inhibition

 Oxidant concentration reduction

Control and  Deflagration pressure containment
 Explosion vent
supervision
 Equipment & Piping isolation

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 Special Mitigation system
Water/
Steam
curtain
Dump Steam
system snuffing
Special
Mitigation
System
Quench Mechanical
system Interlock

Inhibitor
Injection

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Assignment 2 Emergency response
Containment

Developed a layer of Relief system

SIS (SIFs)/ESD
protection analysis system
Critical Alarms &
for the major Human
BPCS/Alarm
Intervention
incident that you Inherently
Safer
discuss in Design
Assignment 1.

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