Logic Families

Topics to be Addressed

 Characteristics/ Specification Terminology of ICs

Introduction to different logic families:
 RTL,
TTL,
Metal Oxide Semiconductor.
 INTRODUCTION

• Digital IC technology has advanced rapidly from integrations

which can have 1 million or more gates.
• ICs pack more circuitry in a small package, so overall size of
almost any system is reduced.
– Cost is reduced because of the economies of
mass-producing large volumes of similar devices.
• ICs have made digital systems more reliable by reducing the
number of external interconnections from one device to
another.
– Protected from poor soldering, breaks or shorts
in connecting paths on a circuit board, and other
physical problems.
 INTRODUCTION

• ICs cannot handle very large currents or voltage.

– Heat generated in such small spaces would cause
temperatures to rise beyond acceptable limits.
• For higher power levels, an interfacing circuit will be needed—
typically of components or special power ICs.
• ICs can’t easily implement certain devices such
as inductors, transformers, and large capacitors.
– Principally used to perform low-power circuit operations—
commonly called information processing.
 Digital Logic family
• In Digital Designs, our primary aim is to create an
Integrated Circuit (IC).
• A Circuit configuration or arrangement of the
circuit elements in a special manner will result in
a particular Logic Family.
• Electrical Characteristics of the IC will be
identical. In other words, the different
parameters like Noise Margin, Fan In, Fan Out etc
will be identical.
• Different ICs belonging to the same logic families
will be compatible with each other.
Classification of Digital Logic Families
1. Bipolar Families
1. Resistor Transistor Logic (RTL)
2. Diode Transistor Logic (DTL)
3. Transistor- Transistor Logic (TTL)
4. Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) or Current Mode
Logic (CML)
2. MOS Families
1. P-MOS family
2. N-MOS family
3. Hybrid Devices
1. Bi-CMOS Family
 RTL
• In RTL (resistor transistor logic), all the
logic are implemented using resistors and
transistors.
• One basic thing about the transistor (NPN),
is that HIGH at input causes output to be
LOW (i.e. like a inverter).
• In the case of PNP transistor, the LOW at
input causes output to be HIGH.
Advantage:
• Less number of Transistors
Disadvantage:
• High Power Dissipation
• Low Fan In
 DTL
• In DTL (Diode transistor logic), all the logic is
implemented using diodes and transistors.
• Disadvantage: Propagation Delay is Larger
 The TTL Logic Family
• In Transistor Transistor logic or just TTL, logic gates are
built only around transistors.
• TTL Logic has the following sub-families:
• Standard TTL.
• High Speed TTL
• Low Power TTL.
• Schhottky TTL.
• Low Power Schottky TTL
• Advanced Schottky TTL
• Advanced Low Power Schottky TTL
• Fast Schottky
 ECL Logic Family
• The main specialty of ECL is that it is operating
in Active Region than the Saturation Region.
That is the reason for its high speed operation.
• Disadvantage:
– Large Silicon Area
– Large Power Consumption
 MOS Technology
• MOS technology derives its name from the basic
structure of a metal electrode, over an oxide
insulator, over a semi-conductor substrate.
– Transistors of MOS technology are field-effect
transistors—called MOSFETs.
The electric field on the metal electrode side of the oxide
insulator has an effect on the resistance of the substrate.

• Most of the MOS digital ICs are constructed

entirely of MOSFETs and no other components.
– MOSFETs are relatively simple and inexpensive
to fabricate, small, and consume very little power.
 MOS Technology
• The principal disadvantage of MOS devices is
their susceptibility to static-electricity damage.
– Although minimized by proper handling, TTL is
still more durable for laboratory experimentation.
Comparison of Logic Families
End of Topic