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TAKEOFF
The outer marker is located 3,5÷6 NM (5.556÷11.112 km) from the runway’s
threshold. Its beam intersects the glide slope’s ray at an altitude of
approximately 1400 ft (426.72 m) above the runway. It also roughly marks the
point at which an aircraft enters the glide slope under normal circumstances,
and represents the beginning of the final part of the landing approach.
Middle Marker
The middle marker is used to mark the point of transition from an approach
by instruments to a visual one. It’s located about 0,5÷0,8 NM (926÷1482 m)
from the runway’s threshold. When flying over it, the aircraft is at an altitude
of 200÷250 ft (60,96÷76,2) above it. The audio signal is made up of two
dashes or six dots per second. The frequency of the identification tone is 1300
Hz. Passing over the middle marker is visually indicated by a bulb of an amber
(yellow) colour .
Inner Marker (IM)
The inner marker emits an AM wave with a modulated frequency of 3000 Hz.
The identification signal has a pattern of series of dots, in frequency of six
dots per second. The beacon is located 60m in front of the runway’s
threshold. The inner marker has to be used for systems of the II. and III.
category.
Categories
When the assigned aircraft enters the service volume, its transponder receives the
interrogation signal.
The aircraft transponder replies with its preset identification code.
TLS sensors receive this preset identification code.
The azimuth sensor array (ASA) and the elevation sensor array (ESA) measure the
time difference between the start pulse and aircraft transponder reply to compute
the time-of-arrival and the phase angle. This data is sent to the TLS Base Station.
The Base Station calculates aircraft location from ASA and ESA data.
The calculated aircraft location is used to guide the aircraft on the desired path
and course by Glide Slope and Localizer signal modulation.
The modulation of the Glide Slope and Localizer carrier signals is used to display
path and course guidance on the CDI.
Advantages
It can offer precision approach guidance over terrain that prohibits “image,”
“capture effect,” and “End-Fire”-type ILS glide slope equipment. Basic image ILS,
which uses ground reflection of the RF transmission as an integral component of
the glide scope signal, is limited by terrain under the approach path. Capture
effect ILS attempts to improve performance at sites with rough terrain within a
few thousand feet of the equipment. The End-Fire ILS from Watts Antenna Co.,
Herndon, Va., also aims to provide ILS signals by placing the transmit array closer
to the runway, where the grading of the ground tends to be smoother.
TLS provides accurate precision approach guidance over terrain that would cause
unacceptable errors to the signal produced by ILS glide scope equipment.
TLS reduces installation cost by avoiding expensive ground conditioning that
usually required to install an ILS.
Since TLS, by contrast, tracks the aircraft and generates the approach guidance
through a simple trigonometric projection, the TLS can be located hundreds of
feet from desired runway centerline.
Disadvantages