VIRUSES

Curriculum of cambridge
international examinations
( igcse ) – ktsp

INTRODUCTION,
CHARATERISTIC AND
REPRODUCTION OF VIRUS
BY :
1.IRENA LUCY
2.GITA YULIA SARI
3.HENDI AVIANO P
4.SAMUEL PIRDION
LEARNING OUTCOME
 MATERIAL
 INTRODUCTION
qVirus is the latin word for toxin.
qVirus history began when a man named A.Mayer, a
 German scientist, discovered one in 1883. His
research was on the cause of Tobacco mosaic
disease.
qMayer’s hypotesis was tasted by a Russian scientist
named Dmitri Iwanowski in 1892.
qSix years later, a Dutch scientist named Martinus W.
Beijerinck did the experiment the same as what
Iwanowski’s had done.
qViirology is the study of viruses.

A. MAYER RESEARCH

Tobacco mosaic disease hindered the growth of tobacco plant (dwa

Mayer conclude that “The disease was caused by a very small bacterium w
 DMITRI IWANOWSKI RESEARCH

eaf extract in a way that wouldn’t allow bacteria to pass through and obtained the tobacc

He conclude that “ a bacterium was the caused

 MARTINUS W. BEIJERINCK
 Beijerinck postulated the presence of an agent that
infected the tobacco plant, although he didn’t know
what it was.
He called the infected agent as filterable virus
because it couldn’t pass through the bacterium filter
and couldn’t be observed with microscope.
The term filterable virus was shortened into Virus.
Iwanowski and Beijerinck were considered the
discoverers of Virus.
 A. VIRUS CHARATERISTIC

1. SIZE
 Viruses are very small. They are between 25-300 nm
(1nm = 10-9 ).
 The smallest known virus is poliovirus, it is only 25 nm
in length.
 Bacteriophages and Tobacco Mosai Virus (TMV) are
among the largest virusses known with 100 nm and
300 nm in length,respectively.
 Virus can only be observed through an electron
microscope since 1930.
 Viruses are infectious agents with both living and nonliving
characteristics.
 1. Living characteristics of viruses
 a. They reproduce at a fantastic rate, but only in
living host cells.
 b. They can mutate.
 2. Nonliving characteristics of viruses
 a. They are acellular, that is, they contain no
 cytoplasm or cellular organelles.

 b. They carry out no metabolism on their
 own and must replicate using the host cell's
 metabolic machinery. In other words, viruses
don't
 grow and divide. Instead, new viral components
 are synthesized and assembled within the
 infected host cell.

c. The vast majority of viruses possess either DNA
or
 RNA but not both.
THE SIZE
 Viruses are usually much smaller than bacteria and are submicrosco
ze from 5 to 300 nanometers (nm) , although some Paramyxoviruses can be up to 14,000n
 Hepatitis B virus
 
2. SHAPE
 Viruses have various shapes.
 1. Sphere
 Influenza viruses

AIDS-causing viruses (HIV) are shperes.



AIDS-causing viruses/ HIV


 2. Rod- shaped


An example of rod- shaped virus is The Tobacc

 Tobacco Mosaic Virus

mbers of the family Solanaceae. The infection causes characteristic patterns (mottling and

 Schematic model of TMV:
1. nucleic acid (RNA)
2. capsomer (protomer)
3. capsid (a capsid is the protein shell of a virus.)
 3. T- shaped


An example of T- shaped virus is the one infecting bacteria (Bacteriopha

 Oval- shaped


The rabies virus is oval-shaped virus.




3. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Virus is not a cell (Acellular).
A virus contains a particle called Virion, which
cancrystallized and shows a mineral
characteristics rather than life.
Virus is composed of a nucleic acid and protein
coat called a capsid.



  1. Nucleic acid
vNucleic acid are moleculthat carry
genetic information.
vA virus has only one type of nucleic acid
i.e. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid )or
RNA (Ribonuclei acid).

2. Protein envelope (capsid)
vThe protein coat covering the genetic
material is called the capsid,
composed of a large number protein
subunits called capsomers.
vThe capsid giving the virus its shape.



 CAPSID / CAPSOMERS
Helical Structure




 Helical structure such as Tobacco M



Rod shape
Polyhedral


 Capsomer






Polyhedral such as Adenovirus.

  Complex shape



Capsid
 Nucleic acid and capsid from a structure called
Nucleocapsid.
In some viruses, the nucleocapsid has a membrane called
envelope.
It is composed of lipids and proteins and helps the virus
to infect cells.
An example of a virus with an envelope is the
Influenzavirus.
Viruses without an envelope are called Naked Viruses.
 B. REPRODUCTION OF VIRUS
 There’re 5 steps in virus reproduction :
1.Attachment
2.Penetration
3.Replication and synthesis
4.Maturation
5.Lysis
