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dfgj ljsf; ;DaGwL ;fdfGo

hfgsf/L

uf]kLgfy d}gfnL
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno
@)&@
ljsf;sf] ;fdfGo j'emfO{
 Development describes a process through which the
potentialities of an object of organism are released,
until it reaches its neutral, complete, full-fledged form.
– Gustavo Estova

 Development is growth plus change, in turn, is social


and cultural as well as economic. The key concept
must be improved qualities of people's life --------
Proposal for Action, UN development Decade

 Purpose for development shouldn't be to develop


things, but to develop man. -Declaration of Cocoyoc,
1974
Common Conclusion
Development is giving voice to voiceless and power to
powerless.
Development is not a charity; it is about inclusion and
empowerment.
Development is enlarging human potential for fulfilling
human wants.
“The purpose of development is to enlarge people’s
choice to create an enabling environment for peoples
to enjoy long, healthy and creative life” - Mahbub Ul
Haq
ljsf;sf cfofdx?
cfly{s cfofdM ef}lts ;'v, ;DklQ l;h{gf /
;dfg ljt/0f .
;fdflhs cfofdM :jf:Yo, lzIff, cfjf;, /f]huf/L .
/fhg}lts cfofd :jtGqtf, dfgjflwsf/ /
k|hftGq .
;f+:s[lts cfofd M klxrfg / :jjf]w .
jftfj/0fLo cfofd M ;fwg pkof]udf
cGt/k':tf ;Gt'ng
k"0f{ hLjg cjwf/0ff M cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts,
;f:s[lts, jftj/0fLo d"No k|0ffnL, ;fª\s]lts kIf, Oltxf;,
ljsf; cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;
o !(%)–^) M cfw'lgsLs/0f -klZrdL ljrf/s_
o !(&) sf] bzs M cfw/e"t cfjZostf -cGt/fli6«o >d
;+u7g_
o pkef]usf] cfjZostf
o ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cfjZostf
o /f]huf/Lsf] cfjZostf
o ;xefuLtfsf] cfjZostf
o !(*) sf] bzs M lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff -jftfj/0fLo +
;+:yfut_
o ;+/rgfTds ;wf/ sfo{qmd -ljZj j}+s, d'b|f sf]if_
o Dffgj s]Gb|Lt ljsf; -8]le8 sf]6]{g_
o Putting the people first (Robert Chamber 1986)
ljsf; cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;
o !(() sf] bzs M dfgj ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff -/fi6«;+3Lo
ljsf; sfo{qmd_
odfgj cfs[lt ;lxtsf] ljsf;
o;dGoflostf / cfly{s a[l4sf] cfj4tf
oljsf; dfkgsf ax';"rsx?sf] k|of]u
o @))) sf] bzs M ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff
o;dfj]zLs/0f
o;dGoflos ljsf;
o @))& kl5 M xl/t ljsf; -Green Growth_ M
o Inclusion
o Efficiency
o Low Carbon Emission
dfgj ljsf;
 c;Lsf] bzs;Dd ljsf;df cfly{s d'2fnfO{ k|d'vtf
lbOof] .
 gJj]sf] bzsaf6 Policy shift e} Putting People at center of the
development nfO{ ljsf;sf] ;f/ -dfgjs]Gb|Lt_ dflgof] .
 of] ljsf;df ax'cfoflds b[li6sf]0f klg xf] .
 /fi6«sf d'Vo cwf/ eg]sf hgtf -The real wealth of
the nations_ eGg] dfGotf .
 Well being as a goal of development
 gJj]sf] bzsaf6 UNDP n] cl3 ;f/]sf] cjwf/0ff .
 o;sf] k|0f]tfsf ?kdf kfls:tfgL cy{zf:qL dxj"j pn
xsnfO{ lnOG5 eg] kl5 kl/dfh{g ug{ cdTo{;]gn]
dfgj ljsf; cjwf/0ff
o !(() sf] bzsaf6 ljsf;nfO{ cfly{s ;"rsaf6 dfq
x]g]{ kl/kf6L kl/jt{g ul/of] .
o dfgj ljsf;n] dfgj ljsf;sf dxTjk"0f{ tLg kIfx? -
s_ :jf:Yo / nfdf] hLjg -Long & healthy life_, -v_
z}lIfs pknlJw -Being knowledge_ / ;d[4 hLjg:t/
-Decent standard of living_ af6 ljsf;nfO{ x]l/g'
kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 .
o o;n] oL tLg kIfdf Wofg lbG5 M
oDffgj cfs[lt ;lxtsf] ljsf;
o;dGoflostf / cfly{s a[l4sf] cfj4tf
oljsf; dfkgsf ax';"rsx?sf] k|of]u
Human Development
 Human development is the widening of people’s
choices in life. It means having the privilege to
choose one’s life direction over another because
of preference rather than lack of opportunity.
Knowledge, health and longevity, livelihood
and political freedom provide its bearers with
greater chances for a better life. People who are
poor, unhealthy and illiterate simply have fewer
choices in life.-HDR 1990

9
dfgj ljsf;
 dfgj hLjg:t/df JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs ;'wf/ Nofpg]
kl/jt{g / a[l4 g} dfgj ljsf; xf] h;n] ljsf;sf ;j} cfly{s,
;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, /fhgllts / jftfj/0fLo cfofdnfO{
;d]6\5 .
 cdTo{;]gsf cg';f/ ljsf;nfO{ ;+/rgfTds kIfaf6 gx]/L
oL kIfdf Wofg lbg' dfgj ljsf; xf] -@)))_ M
◦ /fhg}lts :jtGqtf (Political Freedom)
◦ cfly{s ;'ljwf (Economic Facilities)
◦ ;fdflhs cj;/ (Social Oppertunities)
◦ kf/blz{tfsf] ;''lglZrttf (Trasparency Guarantee)
◦ ;+/If0fTds ;'/Iff (Protctive security)
dfgj ljsf;
 Basic purpose of Human Development is to enlarge
the peoples choices
 cfwf/e"t tTj M
;dGofo M cj;/ / k|ltkmnsf] ;dGoflos ljt/0f
;zQmLs/0f M :jfwLg lg0f{o Ifdtf
;xefuLtf M zf;sLo lqmosnfkdf ;fy{s ;xefuLtf
pTkfbsTj M dfgjk"hL lgdf{0f / ;+efjgfsf]
cfbz{ pkof]u
lbubf]kgf M cj;/, ;+efjgf / ;fwgk|ltsf] Gofo
dfgj ljsf;sf ljz]iftfx?
 ljsf;sf ;j} d'2fnfO{ ;d]6\g] ub{5 .
 dfgj Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ljsf; ;d:ofsf] bL3{sfnLg ;dwfg
xf] eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 .
 dfgj ljsf;n] ljsf;sf] s]Gb|ljGb'df dflg;nfO{ /fVb5
-real wealth of nation is people_
 ljsf;nfO{ PsfsL ?kdf x]l/g' g} uNtL ;DemG5 .
Human Development Index
Human Development Index (HDI)
 HDI – A socio-economic measure
 Focus on three dimensions of human welfare:
 Longevity – Life expectancy
 Knowledge – Access to education, literacy rates
 Standard of living – GDP per capita: Purchasing
Power Parity (PPP)
Human Development Index contd
 Composite Values of longevity, education and
income (Human Development Index)
 Additional Indicators :
◦ Gender Development Index –GDI
◦ Gender Empowerment Index –GMI
◦ Human Poverty Index -HPI
 sltko b]zn] complementary ;"rs klg /fVg]
u/]sf 5g\ .
HDI Grouping
 Very high 0.8 & up (49 countries)
 High 0.711-0.799 (53 countries)
 Medium 0.536-0.710 (41 countries)
 Low 0.535 & below (21 countries)
HDR Publications
 Global level
 Regional Level
 National Level
◦ Concentration on one relevant theme
dfgj ljsf; / cfly{s a[l4df /x]sf] km/s
b[li6sf]0f
Human Dev Basis Eco growth n Dev
People centric, Focus Beneficiary centric
Intrinsic
Human capability Goals Creation of wealth
Eco/Socio/Pol/Cul/En Choice Expansion of income
v
Human liberty Criteria GDP Per capita
Ethical Approach Economic
Wide Scope One Dimenson

Restructuring Reform Macro Economic


Governace Restrucring
HDI calculation method
1. Given country's percapita income–world’s
lowest percapita income/world’s highest per
capita income-world’s lowest per capita
income
2. Given country's life expectancy-world’s lowest
life expectancy/world’s higest life expectancy-
world’s lowest life expectancy
3. Given country’s literacy rate/100
4. HDI= (Value 1+Value 2+Value 3)/3
dfgj ljsf;sf cGo ;"rsx?
 dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\sn] c;dfgtf, ul/aL, dfgj ;'/Iff /
;zQmLs/0fh:tf s'/f k|ltljlDjt ub}{g .
 ;g\ ;osf] bzsaf6 cGo cfofdaf6 klg ljsf;nfO{
x]g]{ / dfkg ug]{ k|rng a9\b} uof] .
 oL cfofdx? cg'e"lthGo / k|ToIf dfkg ug{
;lsg], cfly{s, ;fdflhs, zf;sLo / jftfj/0fLo kIfdf
hf]8 lbg] u/L to ePsf 5g\ .
Other Measures?
dfgj ljsf; cGo ;"rsfª\sx?
o dfgj ul/jL ;"rsfª\s -HPI_
o ul/jL dfkg ax';"rsfª\s -MPI)
o n}lus c;dfgtf ;"rsfª\s -GII_
o n}ª\lus ljsf; ;"rsfª\s -GDI)
o n}l+us ;zQmLs/0f ;"rsfª\s -GMI)
o ;"rgf k|ljlw ;"rsfª\s -ITI)
o cfly{s c;dfgtf ;"rsfª\s -Ginicofficeint)
o zf;sLo ;"rsfª\s -GI)
o ;Gt'li6 ;"rsfª\s Happiness Indicator)
o cGo .......
n}ª\lus c;dfgtf ;"rsfª\s (GII)
 k|hgg :jf:Yo -Reproductive Health_ M cfdf lzz'
:jf:Yo
 ;zQmLs/0f -Empowerment_ M lzIff + gLlt
;xefuLtf
 cfly{s cj:yf -Economic Status_ M >d ahf/df
;xefuLtf, lje]bLs/0fsf] l:ylt
= g]kfnsf] cj:yf M )=$*%
(HDI-GDI)/HDI multiply by 100
n}ª\lus ljsf; ;"rsfª\s (GDI)
 :jf:Yo -Health Status_ M Male & female life
expectancy
 lzIff -Education_ M Male &female schooling year
 ;DklQ clwsf/ -Command over economic
resources_
= g]kfnsf] cj:yf M )=$^!
c;dgtf ;dfof]lht dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s
(Inequality Adjusted Human Development Index)

 lzIff, :jf:Yo / cfosf] cf};t pknlJw dfq gx]/L


To;sf] ljleGg hft, ju{, ;d'bfodf s;/L ljt/0f ePsf]
5 egL x]g]{ ;"rsfª\s jf ljlw .
 h:tf] ls g]kfnsf] cf};t HDI )=%$) ePtf klg
sf7df8f}+ -)=^#@_ / afh'/f -)=#^$_ aLrsf]
cj:yf lgs} km/s 5 .
ul/aL ax';rsfs -MPI_
 Money Matrix eGbf dflyaf6 ul/aL x]g]{ ljlw,
h;nfO{ dfgj ljsf; ;'rsfs] k"/ssf ?kdf ;g\ @)!) af6
x]g{ yflnof] . o;nfO{ Oxford Initiative sf ?kdf klg
lng] ul/G5 .
 gLlt sfo{qmdnfO{ ul/a nlIft agfpg / MDG
s]Gb|Lt kfg{ pkof]udf NofOPsf] .
 !) ;"rsx? :
◦ :jf:Yo ;"rs -afn d[To'b/, kf]if0f_
◦ lzIff ;"rs -egf{ b/ / ljBfnodf /xg] cjlw_
◦ hLjg:t/ ;"rs -vfgf ksfpg] OGwg, zf}rfno, kfgL
cfk"lt{, ljB't, cfjf; / ;DklQ_
zf;sLo ;"rsfª\s
Governance Index
 Voice and Accountability
 Political Stability and Absence of Violence
 Government Effectiveness
 Regulatory Quality
 Rule of Law
 Control of Corruption
 = g]kfnsf] cj:yf xfn cf};teGbf tn 5 .
Key HDI mentioned in HDR 2014
 Human Development Index  Health and health
 Human Development Index expenditures
trends  Education
 Inequality-adjusted Human  Command over and
Development Index allocation of resources
 Gender Inequality Index  Social competencies
 Gender Development Index  Personal insecurity
 Multidimensional Poverty  International integration
Index  Environment
 Multidimensional Poverty  Population trends
Index: Changes over time  Supplementary indicators:
(select countries) perceptions of well-being
ljsf;sf dfkg k|j[lQ

 Growth → Well Being → Happiness


g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf; cj:yf
dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @)!$ cg';f/ M
 dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s M )=%$)
 dfgj ljsf;sf] Rank M !$% cf} -!*% d'n'sdf_
 cf};t cfo' M ^(=! jif{
 k|ltJolQm cfo M &@! cd]l/sL 8n/
 ;fIf/tf b/ M ^%=( k|ltzt
 ;j}eGbf pRr dfgj ljsf; :t/ M sf7df8f}+ -
)=^#@_
 ;j}eGbf sd dfgj ljsf; :t/ M afh'/f -)=#^$_

30
10 Point Agenda for HD Nepal
 Review electroal system
 Democratize the political parties
 Bring govt. Closer to the people
 Protect the interest of the excluded
 Build a strong nation state
 Build a strong sense of citizenship
 Provide citizenship right through a functioning state
 Insure representation and participation
 Social intrigation
 State restucture
 GoN/UNDP
dfgj ljsf;sf nflu k|of; tyf cleofg
 Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?
 ;x;|fJbL ljsf; nIox?
 cGt/fli6«o ;fem]bf/L k|j4{g
 If]qut /0fgLlts of]hgf
 ;zQmLs/0f, ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;dGoflos ljsf;sf gof
k|of;
 /fHo lgdf{0f / /fHo k'g;+/rgf
 g]kfnnfO{ cltsd ljsl;t d'nsaf6 ljsf;zLn d'n's
agfpg] /0fgLlt
 lzIff, :jf:Yo, kf]if0f, ;/;kmfO, phf{, ;Lk ljsf;sf
sfo{qmd
ljsf;sf s]xL ;jfnx?
! clwsf/jfbL wf/0ff -Right Based Approach_

 ljsf;nfO{ g};lu{s clwsf/sf ?kdf lng


yflnPsf] 5
 /fHon] :jtGqtf / gful/s clwsf/h:t} ljsf;
klg k|Tofe"t ug'{k5{ .
@= a9\bf] c;dfgtf -Raising Inequality in all level_
 ljsf;df ;dfgtfjfbL ;jfn ;a}eGbf HjnGt .
 kfFrf} ul/jn] eGbf kfFrf} wgLn] krf;f}+ u'0ff
a9L ;|f]t;fwg k|of]u .
 :yfgLo, /fHo, If]qLo / cGt/fli6«o txdf c;dfgtf
km/flsbf] 5
 kfl/jfl/s cj:yfn] ljsf;nfO{ c;dfg kf/]sf] 5 -race,
their
Parent's income & education, their urban & rural
Location, sex_ ljZj j}+s
 Inequality trap (Political in equalities→ Socio-cultural
inequalities→ Economic inequalities) Institution
#= ljsf;df ;fdflhs j~rLtLs/0fsf] ;jfn
How people are excluded?
- Geography
- Gender
- Barrier to entry
- Corruption
- Development process/Dev.Biases
- Policy Process
- Education
- Intimidation
- Violence
- Digital divide
$= hftLo ljljwtf -Ethnic diversity & Cultural issues_

 wd{ ;+:s[lt
 Emotional issue
%= lbuf]kgf -Sustainability_
cfofdx?
o ;fdflhs ?kdf
o cfly{s ?kdf
o k|fljlws ?kdf
o jftfj/0fLo ?kdf
– r'gf}tL NofPsf If]qx? s_ ul/jL / jftfj/0fLo
ljgf;, v_ cJojl:yt ljsf; u_ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cljj]sL
k|of]u 3_ ck/fw / cftª\s ª_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g
^= n}lª\ustf -Gender & Development_

– ljsf;df n}lª\us ;jfn HjnGt x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .


– cfwf cfsfznfO{ ;+jf]wg gx'Fbf ljsf; :jtM
c;dfg x'g]
– c;dfgtf Right,Voice / Resource df b]lvof] .
– To;}n] ljsf; gLlt / k|of;df n}ª\us
b[li6sf]0fsf] dfu
– Governance sf x/]s If]qdf Gender Gap nfO{
Narrow Down ug'{kg]{ .
&= hg;flª\vs ;+/rgf -Population Structure_

 Population Pyramid /Aging


 Migration
 Brain Drain

;d:of M ;fdflhs jLdf a9\g], ;+efjgf


l/lQg], d'n's vf]qmf] aGg] .
*= ljZjJofkLs/0f -Globalization_
– Ps;fy nuftf/ cj;/ a[l4 / nuftf/
;LdfGtLs/0fsf] k|lqmof
– ;Ifdsf nflu j/bfg, w]/}sf nflu efl;g] ofqf .
– cj;/, wg,Ifdtf / nufgLsf] Concentration Ps}
lt/dfq x'g] .
( ljsf; cjwf/0ffdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf ;jfnx?
 ljsf;sf] ;+oGq /fHo jf jhf/ s] x'g] <
 Efficiency / Equity/Justice sf] ;Gt'ng s;/L <
 Governing Capacity s;/L ljsf; ug]{ <
!)= ljsf; kl/j]zsf y]Ug} g;lsg] s]xL bjfjx?

– Fiscal Pressure
– Citizen Pressure
– International Pressure
dfgj ljsf;sf nflu ;'emfj
 ;j{JofkL lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO h:tf
cfwf/e"t ;]jsf] kx'r, pkof]u / u'0f:t/ lj:tf/ .
 zf;sLo cj;/df ;dfj]lztf / ;dGoflostfsf] lj:tf/ .
 k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/
 s[lif, phf{ tyf ko{6g If]qsf] ;+efjgfsf]] Jofj;flos
pkof]u
 dfgj ;Lk tyf Ifdtf ljsf;df /0fgLlts b'i6sf]0f ;lxtsf]
sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog -/f]huf/L±:j/f]hfu/Lsf
nflu_
 ljkGg / al~rtLdf k/]sfnfO{ nlIft sfo{qmd
;~rfng
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
k"jf{wf/sf] cjwf/0ff / g]kfndf o;sf]
l:ylt

uf]kLgfy d}gfnL
;x ;lrj, k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dxfzfvf
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno
@)&@
cjwf/0ff / cy{
 s'g} klg ;ª\u7g, k|0ffnL jf d'n's ;~rfngsf nflu
cfjZos x'g] k"j{zt g} k"jf{wf/ x'g\ .
 ;dfh jf pBd ;+rfngsf nflu cfjZos x'g] ef}lts tyf
;fª\u7lgs cfwf/lznf / ;+/rgfx?nfO{ k"jf{wf/sf
?kdf lnOG5 .
 cy{tGq lqmofzLn agfpgsf nflu cfjZos x'g] ;]jf
/ ;'ljwf (Service & Facilities) sf ?kdf klg lng] ul/G5 .
 ;j{;fwf/0fsf a'emfOdf k"jf{wf/ cGtu{t ;8s,
vfg]kfgL nfO{g, 9n lgsf; tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;]jf,
b"/;+rf/, ljB't nfOg k"jf{wf/ x'g\ .
 k|fljlws ?kdf k"jf{wf/ ;]jfnfO{ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf nflu
cfjZos x'g] k|f/lDes ;+/rgfsf ?kdf lnOG5 . 45
cjwf/0ff / cy{
 sfof{Tds ?kdf ;]jf tyf j:t' pTkfbg dfkm{t
cfly{s, ;fdflhs ultzLntf k|j4{gsf nflu
cfjZos x'g] ;+/rgfut cfwf/ x'g\ .
 k"jf{wf/sf cfwf/af6 g} :yfgLo ;|f]t tyf
;+efjgfsf] pkof]u, afXo ;+efjgfsf] bf]xg /
ljsf;nfO{ lbuf] agfpg ;lsG5 .
 sltkon] k"jf{wf/nfO{ ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0fsf]
k|0ffnL (System of public work) jf sfo{ k|f?k0f
(Work Skelton) klg eGg] u/]sf 5g\ .
 k"jf{wf/n] gful/s ;]jf k|jfx / cfly{s ;fdflhs
ultzLntf k|j4{g ug{ k"j{;+/rgfsf ?kdf sfo{ 46
k"jf{wf/sf] sfg"gL kl/efiff
 k"jf{wf/ eGgfn] ;8s, ;'?ªdfu{, k'n, c:ktfn, gx/,
ljB't pTkfbg u[x, ljB't k|;f/0f nfOg, s]jnsf/
nfOg, /]Nj] nfOg, 6«nLj; ;+/rgf, 6«fdj], ;'Vvf
jGb/ufx, kl/jxg lj;f}gL :yn, ljdfg:yn, k|bz{gL
:yn, kfs{, hnfzo, jfFw, 9n lgsf;, kmf]/d}nf
k|zf]wg tyf Joj:yfkg Nkf06, phf{ pTkfbg tyf
ljt/0f, /+uzfnf, ;fj{hlgs ;efu[x, jx'cfjfzLo ejg,
uf]bfd 3/ / o:t} k|s[ltsf k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfnfO{
a'e\mg' kb{5 .
◦ k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngdf lghL nufgL
;DaGwL P]g, @)^#
47
k"jf{wf/sf k|sf/
:jefjsf cfwf/df juL{s/0fM
• ef}lts k"jf{wf/ (Hard infrastructure) : -oftfoft,
pmhf{, kfgL tyf 9n Joj:yf, kmf]xf]/d}nf
Joj:yfkg, ef}ule{s cg'udg, ejg / ;~rf/_ .
• cef}lts k"jf{wf/ (Soft infrastructure) : -;+:yfut
;+/rgf, ;fdflhs dgf]/~hgfTds kIfx?, lzIff–
;+:s[lt / gLlt jftfj/0f_ .
• ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ M lzIff, :jfYo cflb .
• cfly{s k"jf{wf/ M j}+s, ljQLo dWo:ystf{ .
sfo{If]qsf cfwf/df M -s_ :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ -v_
/0fgLlts k"jf{wf/ . 48
k"jf{wf/ / ljsf;
 ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf k"jf{wf/ ;]jfnfO{ ljsf;sf cy{df
lng] ul/G5 .
 ljsf;sf] k"jf{j:yfdf ;j}h;f] d'n'sx? k"jf{wf/
ljsf;df k|fyldstf lbg] ub{5g\ .
 k"jf{wf/n] ljsf;nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ub{5 .
 k"jf{wf/sf] ck]lIft ljsf;n] cfly{s–;fdflhs
ultzLntf / cfjZos ;]jf cfk"lt{dfkm{t ul/aL
Go"gLs/0f / ;du| dfgj ljsf; ;+ej t'NofpF5 .
 k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgf / To;sf] u'0f:t/n] ljsf;sf]
:t/sf] dfkg / Bf]tg ub{5 . To;}n] of] ljsf;sf] 49
g]kfndf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf k|of;
o k|hftGq :yfkgf k"j{ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df vf;} k|of; ePsf]
kfOb}g .
o of]hgfj4 ljsf;kl5 k|d'v k|fyldstfsf] If]q aGb}
cfPsf] 5 .
o klxnf] b]lv t];|f] k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf of] klxnf]
k|fyldstfdf lyof] .
o rfn" t]¥xf} of]hgfdf phf{, ;8s tyf cGo ef}lts
k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf] 5 .
o ul/jL Go"gLs/0fsf] /0fgLltsf ?kdf k"jf{wf/
ljsf;nfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
o j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfngsf] k|d'v If]qdf k"jf{wf/
;+/rgf kb{5 . 50
k|d'v k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] l:ylt
s"n ;8s -:yfgLo ;d]t_ *),))) ls dL
/fli6«o /0fgLlts af6f] @&!&( ls dL
:yfgLo ;8s %#!$# ls dL
df]6/of]Uo kSsL k'n !&))
s"n ljB't zlQm -hl8t Ifdtf_ *!* d] jf hlt
s"n 6]lnkmf]g -df]jfOn ;d]t_ @ s/f]8 ^@ nfv

OG6/g]6 k|of]ustf{ ! s/f]8 #) nfv


s"n l;l~rt If]q !#,#!,%@! x]S6/

s"n ljBfno ;+Vof %^,)))


;8s ;~hfndf cfj4 lhNnf &#
;8s ;~hfn gk'u]sf lhNnf . ufp @ . %*$
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf ;femf ;d:ofx?
• cTolws dfu / Go"g Ifdtf
• w/ftnLo Zj?ksf] hl6ntf
• ;/sf/sf] cxd e"ldsf cem} sfod, lghLIf]qsf]
Go"g ;+nUgtf
• l;lh{t ;DklQ jf lgld{t ;+/rgfsf] ;+/If0f /
;~rfngdf pbfl;gtf
• lgoldt dd{t ;Def/sf] cefj
• ckof{Kt nufgL . cem} lghLIf]q pBf]usf] ?kdf
k"jf{wf/ ;]jfnfO{ lng ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
• nufgL k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f gul/g', ;|f]t ;fwg 5l/g
k'Ug' .
52
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf ;femf ;d:ofx?
• ag tyf ;+/lIft If]qsf] pkof]usf] ;d:of
• PnfGd]G6sf] ;d:of
• hUuf k|flKt, d'cfJhf ljt/0f / k'gjf{; Pjd\
k'g:yfkgfsf] h6Lntf
• 7"nf k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] /fhgLlts/0f -ljsf;sf nflu
/fhgLlt ePg, ljsf;sf] /fhgLlt eof]_
• PsLs[t sfof{Gjogsf] vfFrf]
• hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf cGo k|sf]ksf] k|efj
• lgld{t k"jf{wf/df u'0f:t/sf] ;d:of
• xfn}sf] ljkbn] Wj:t kf/]sf] ;+/rgfsf] k'glgdf{0f .
-sl/j % vj{ ?k}of nfutsf_ . 53
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu ;'emfj
 /f0fgLlts k|fyldsLs/0f
 pko'Qm gLlt jftfj/0f
 kof{Kt nufgL
 Ifdtf ljsf; -;fª\u7lgs, ljQLo cflb_
 lghLIf]qsf] ;xefuLtf / ;xsfo{
 lgld{t ;+/rgf tyf ;DklQsf] pkof]u / ;+/If0f
 hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf k|sf]k cg's"ng
 ljkb kl5sf] k'glgdf{0f
 bl¥xnf] ;'zf;g
k"jf{wf/ If]qdf ljsf;sf] gofF k|j[lQ
 k"jf{wf/ ;]jf k|bfos ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf]
Jofj;foLs/0f, ;xsf/Ls/0f
 ;/sf/L lgsfo / cGo ;]jf k|bfos ;+/rgfaLr
sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}+tf
 ;]jf k|bfos lgsfonfO{ k|fljlws :jfoQtf / Ifdtfj[l4
 k"jf{wf/ ;]jfdf nfutk"/0f l;4fGt cjnDag
 ;–;fgf k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgf ljsf; / Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{
:yfgLo / pkIf]qLo lgsfodf lgIf]k0f -t/ kof{Kt
cg'ej / Ifdtf lagfsf] lgIf]k0fn] Joj:yfkg hf]lvd
klg b]lvof]_ .
55
lghL–;fj{hlgs ;fem]bf/Lsf] ljsNk
;fem]bf/L ;/sf/ / lghL If]qsf ;+3 ;+:yf, lgsfo,
;fd'bflos ;+:yf, ;d"x, JolQmaLr ;]jf k|bfg ug{]
/ To;sf] hf]lvd Pj+ kmfObf ;+o'Qm ?kn]
axg ug{] u/L ul/Psf] Joj:yf
;fem]bf/Lsf k"j{zt{x? M
• gLlt tyf sfg"gL jftfj/0f (Legal reform)
• hf]lvd Go'gLs/0fsf pkfo cjnDag (Innovative
options to risk mitigation)
• ;xh / ;/n k|flKt (Good practices of
procurement process)
• k"FhL ahf/sf] ljsf; (Capital market
gopi mainali-ratc 56
lghL ;fj{hlgs ;fem]bf/Lsf] cf}lrTo
 nfut k|efjsfl/tf a9fpb5 . nfutsf] ljj]szLntf
a9fpb5 .
 k"hLsf] efl/t cf};t nfut 36fpb5 . Financial Engineering
nfO{ ;'wf/ ub{5 .
 ;d:of ;dfwfgdf Jofkfl/s b[li6sf]0f /fVb5 .
 cu|;/tf / gof k|ljlwnfO{ k|f]T;xg lbG5 .
 ;fj{hlgs lgsfo / ;]jf k|bfosaLr c;n ;DaGw sfod
u/fpb5 .
 k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g dfkm{t df}lb|s d"No ;fy{stf -
VfM_ l;4 ub{5 .
 r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ub{5 -h:tf] ljB't, kfgL, ;/sf/L
;fwg_ . gopi mainali-ratc 57
;ffj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
Integrity -
OdfGbfl/tf_
Continuity & Reliability
Capability & -:yfloTj / ljZjf;gLotf
Competence
-Ifdtf / bIftf_ PPP model
Participation &
Collaboration -
;xeflutf /
Transparency & ;xsfo{_
Accountability
-pQ/bfloTj / Credibility
kf/blz{tf_ -zfv_
cEof;sf nflu
 g]kfnh:tf] cNkljsl;t d'n'sdf k"j{fwf/ g} ljsf;sf] ;"rs
klg xf] . o; egfO{ nfO{ k'li6 ub}{ k"jf{wf/ ;]jfnfO{
Jojl:yt u/L hgtfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ;]jf lbg ;'emfj
lbg'xf];\ . -%±%_ !)
 d'n'sn] xfn} ;fdgf ug{ k/]sf] ljkbn] k"jf{wf/ If]qdf
kf/]sf] k|efj pNn]v ub}{ k"jf{wf/sf] k'glgdf{0fsf
nflu ;'emfj k|:t't ug{'xf];\ . !)

gopi mainali 59
Thanks For Participation
n
Best of Luck

gopi mainali 60
cEof;sf nflu
 dfgj ljsf;sf k|d'v cfofdx? pNn]v ub}{ dfgj ljsf;
s] ljsf;sf] jf:tljs ;"rs aGg ;S5 jf oL ;"rsdf
kl/dfh{g cfjZos x'G5 < df}lns / ts{k"0f{ k|:t'tL
ug'{xf];\ .
 d'n'sn] xfn} ;fdgf ug{ k/]sf] ljkbn] k"jf{wf/
If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efj pNn]v ub}{ k"jf{wf/sf]
k'glgdf{0fsf nflu ;'emfj k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .

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