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using Atoll
Let us take an example of making an Furniture in home. Before we proceed for order
for the fabrication/purchase of the items required, what are we doing?
Finalization of location for the TV cabinet, Chairs, Sofa-Set etc in the drawing room
Selection of TV cabinet, Dining table, Sofa-set, Chairs
Above all location and selection are inter-related.
Suppose if we select the location and later size of the cabinet is more, again
need to change the location and planning will get change
This planning can not be a single design only. It may have multiple options
Now a days, Architectures are called for special planning for the home
furniture
Finalization of the locations for BTS/BS/eNodeB & selection of the eNodeB and its
peripheral devices like RF Antenna, RF Cable is a part of RF Planning
• Similar to the case of an “Furniture Example”, here location and selection of eNodeB is
very much interdependent
• If we select the Macro eNodeB , which is transmitting more power – It will provide more
coverage; Hence site location will be far away (Intersite distance would be more)
• If we select the small cell, the site locations would be close to each other
• As in the case of “Furniture example” multiple options are always there ; We select our
choice based on the looks/Appearance -- KPI (Key Performance Index/measure)
Coverage relates to the geographical footprint within the system that has sufficient RF signal
strength to provide for a call/data session.
Capacity relates to the capability of the system to sustain a given number of subscribers
Capacity and coverage are interrelated. To improve coverage, capacity has to be sacrificed,
while to improve capacity, coverage will have to be sacrificed for a same configuration of
eNodeB and corresponding network
Capacity and Coverage will have always a trade-off in cellular network. We will understand this
in details subsequently.
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Different Steps of RF Planning (1/3):
Step 1: Initial Radio Link Budget
Step 2: Selection of Propagation Model and CW testing for fine tuning the Propagation model
Step 3: Selection of eNodeB and configuration of Important parameters
Step 4: Finalization of eNodeB Locations (Lat/Long), Azimuth of Antenna, Mechanical Tilt of
Antenna etc
Step 5: Predictions using RF Planning tool for a designated area
Step 6: Verifications of KPI (Key Performance Index) using prediction tools
Step 7: If meeting the KPI in step 6, Proceed for the implementation, If not go back to step 2
and do the fine tuning again. It may have multiple iterations
Step 8: Drive test after deployment of the network (all eNodeB are activated in a given area)
Step 9: Post processing of Log files collected during “Drive test” and “Post Processing”
Step 10: Continuous audit on periodic basis to validate the RF coverage of a network
• Link budget is required to find the overall cell radius for a given configuration of eNodeB
• Inputs required for the Link Budget are depicted in the below picture
• This analysis require to be done multiple time in the beginning with different
configurations to arrive on the final configuration of eNodeB
• Once the final configuration achieved, Cell radius will be achieved by using the Maximum
Allowable Path Loss (MAPL) and specific propagation path loss model
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Fundamentals of Power Transmission over the Air
Free Space
Path
Loss (FSL)
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Antenna Fundamentals
-Important Parameters of Antenna
Important parameter of Antenna:
• Directivity
• Gain
• Efficiency
• Half Power Beam-width (Azimuth)
• Half Power Beam-width (elevation)
• Front to Back Ratio (FBR)
• Return Loss (VSWR)
• Side Lobe
• Isolation between two ports if it is 2 X 2 MIMO/4 X 4 MIMO
1) Omni-Directional Antenna: Generally used in Rural Area where capacity is not a main
concern
2) Directional Antenna (Sectored Antenna): Sectored Antenna are used for most of the
application
2 11 7° Omni 2500-2700
3 11 8° Omni 2400-2500
0
4 Number of Ports 2 Nos
-10
5 Polarization Dual Linear 45° 60 300
180
0
4 Horizontal Beamwidth 65°
-10
5 Polarization Dual Linear 45° 60 300
-20
0
• However three sectored antenna are
60
-10
300
a good choice for RF planning as it
-20 will provide coverage very close to
hexagonal shape.
-30
• EIRP = Pt * Gt
= Receiver Sensitivity
• Certain BER/PER (for e.g. 1 e-06) is required at the Physical layer of Receiver
• This value would be different for different modulation schemes of QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM
• Therefore SNR requirement for different modulated signal would be different. For an example, -1
dB SNR required for decoding QPSK signal while 8 dB SNR required for 16 QAM and 18 dB required
for 64 QAM
• What is Noise ??
• Any unwanted signal which disturb the desired signal in communication channel is known as
“Noise”
• Thermal noise
Due to thermal agitation of electrons. Present in all electronics and transmission media.
Thermal noise power density is given by kT(W/hz)
k Boltzmann’s constant = 1.3810-23
T – temperture in Kelvin (C+273)
Which will give -174dBm /Hz at 0 °K (which is the lowest thermal noise floor)
Thermal noise across the bandwidth is given by : kTB(W)
Where B =bandwidth
1 RB = 12
(Subcarriers) * 7
(OFDMA Symbols)
= 84 RE
1 RB = 180 KHz
1 RE = 15 KHz
20 MHz Channel:
1200 Subcarriers
1200 * 15
= 18 MHz Occ. BW
• RSSI is the more traditional metric that has long been used to display signal strength for
GSM, CDMA1X, etc
• It integrates all of the RF power within the channel pass-band.
• For LTE, RSSI measurement bandwidth is all active subcarriers which includes the
desired signal power, Noise level, Interference from other BS in all subcarriers
As per the 3GPPP specs, MS can decode the signal up to -124 dBm RSRP signal
Confidential Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited 30
MAPL calculation for RJIL LTE Network (1/2)
Downlink Uplink
Dense Assumption Dense urban Urban Suburban Rural
Assumption Urban Suburban Rural
urban
Channel Model Ped Ped Ped Ped Channel Model Ped Ped Ped Ped
Desired cell edge PHY data PHY data rate @ edge kbps 256 256 256 256
kbps 2048 2048 2048 2048
rate
Used resource blocks value 94 94 94 94 Used resource blocks value 24 24 24 24
MCS 3 3 3 3 MCS 4 4 4 4
TB size bits 5544 5544 5544 5544 TB size bits 1736 1736 1736 1736
BS - Tx Parameters UE - Tx Parameters
BS output power dBm 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 UE output power dBm 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0
Power per resource block dBm 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 Power per resource block dBm 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2
BS feeder + jumper losses dB 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 UE antenna gain dBi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Tx antenna gain dBi 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 EIRP per resource block dBm 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2
EIRP per resource block dBm 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 BS - Rx Parameters
UE - Rx Parameters Thermal noise density dBm/Hz -174.0 -174.0 -174.0 -174.0
Thermal noise density dBm/Hz -174.0 -174.0 -174.0 -174.0 Noise bandwidth dB-Hz 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6
Noise bandwidth dB-Hz 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6 Thermal noise power dBm -121.4 -121.4 -121.4 -121.4
Thermal noise power dBm -121.4 -121.4 -121.4 -121.4 BS noise factor dB 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
UE noise factor dB 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Rx noise floor dBm -117.9 -117.9 -117.9 -117.9
Rx noise floor dBm -114.4 -114.4 -114.4 -114.4 Required SNR dB -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3
Required SNR dB -2.0 -2.0 -2.0 -2.0 Rx sensitivity dBm -124.2 -124.2 -124.2 -124.2
Rx sensitivity dBm -116.4 -116.4 -116.4 -116.4 BS antenna gain dBi 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0
UE antenna gain dBi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 BS feeder + jumper losses dB 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Max pathloss unloaded dB 158.9 158.9 158.9 158.9 Max pathloss unloaded dB 149.9 149.9 149.9 149.9
Interference margin dB 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 Interference margin dB 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4
Fading margin dB 10.2 8.7 8.0 7.3 Fading margin dB 10.2 8.7 8.0 7.3
Handover gain dB 4.3 3.8 3.5 3.3 Handover gain dB 4.3 3.8 3.5 3.3
Penetration loss dB 20.0 18.0 15.0 12.0 Penetration loss dB 20.0 18.0 15.0 12.0
MAPL - outdoor dB 149.2 150.2 150.6 151.1 MAPL - outdoor dB 141.6 142.6 143.0 143.5
MAPL - indoor dB 129.2 132.2 135.6 139.1 MAPL - indoor dB 121.6 124.6 128.0 131.5
MAPL - outdoor dB 141.6 142.6 143.0 143.5 Cell Radius m 335 435 725 1980
MAPL - indoor dB 121.6 124.6 128.0 131.5
RSRP Threshold
dBm
-112.9
-113.9
-114.3
-114.8
Final MAPL = Min (D/L MAPL, U/L MAPL)
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MAPL calculation for RJIL LTE Network (2/2)
• RSRP Threshold is very important parameters for the RF predictions using Atoll tool
which will be discussed in the second part
• Cell Radius would be calculated from the MAPL using the Standard Propagation Model
(SPM)
• SPM will be made specific for the deployment scenario – Different for different
morphologies & Clutter and different city wise as well
The following tuned models are available for use in as part of the LTE design process.
• Dense Urban
• Dense Urban (Vegetation or High Rise)
• Dense Urban (Vegetation and High Rise) • These models are defined for the
• Medium Urban cities which are outside the top 10
• Medium Urban (Vegetation or High Rise)
• Medium Urban (Vegetation and High Rise)
cities
• Sub Urban
• Sub Urban (Vegetation) • Different Models are used for top
• Sub Urban (High Rise) 10 Metro cities
• Rural
• Rural (Vegetation)
K1 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31
K2 48.4 49 49.4 48 48.7 49.2 46.2 47.1 48.5 42.26 43.7
K3 5.83 5.83 5.83 5.83 5.83 5.83 5.83 5.83 5.83 5.83 5.83
K4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
K5 -6.55 -6.55 -6.55 -6.55 -6.55 -6.55 -6.55 -6.55 -6.55 -6.55 -6.55
K6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Multipath will be common for both types of channel. Therefore Fading Margin is
required for both channel
Interference Margin is only required for second type of channel where interference
is playing key role. It is not required for Noise limited wireless channel
• Reflection
• Refraction
• Detraction
• Scattering
• Mobility of either
transmitter or receiver or
surrounding objects
Rough surface will scattered more power and hence add more attenuation of energy
Above figure shows a fixed tower (e.g. in a cellular system) at a height hb, and a client device at a distance d0, and at a height hm (usually lower)
The figure shows a direct ray and an indirect ray bouncing off the ground, assumed to be a perfect plane.
It is easy to see from this figure that the two path lengths are:
where λ = c∕f is the wavelength, τ is the time difference between the two paths, and Γ is the ground reflection
coefficient
Two Ray Propagation Model (2/2)
Long term
fading
Short term
fading
Site Table
Transmitter Table
Cell Table
Actual Environment
Clutter Classification
Morphologies defined
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RSRP Coverage Prediction across Vellore City
Downlink Uplink
Dense Assumption Dense urban Urban Suburban Rural
Assumption Urban Suburban Rural
urban
Channel Model Ped Ped Ped Ped Channel Model Ped Ped Ped Ped
Desired cell edge PHY data PHY data rate @ edge kbps 256 256 256 256
kbps 2048 2048 2048 2048
rate
Used resource blocks value 94 94 94 94 Used resource blocks value 24 24 24 24
MCS 3 3 3 3 MCS 4 4 4 4
TB size bits 5544 5544 5544 5544 TB size bits 1736 1736 1736 1736
BS - Tx Parameters UE - Tx Parameters
BS output power dBm 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 UE output power dBm 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0
Power per resource block dBm 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 Power per resource block dBm 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2
BS feeder + jumper losses dB 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 UE antenna gain dBi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Tx antenna gain dBi 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 EIRP per resource block dBm 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2
EIRP per resource block dBm 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 BS - Rx Parameters
UE - Rx Parameters Thermal noise density dBm/Hz -174.0 -174.0 -174.0 -174.0
Thermal noise density dBm/Hz -174.0 -174.0 -174.0 -174.0 Noise bandwidth dB-Hz 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6
Noise bandwidth dB-Hz 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6 Thermal noise power dBm -121.4 -121.4 -121.4 -121.4
Thermal noise power dBm -121.4 -121.4 -121.4 -121.4 BS noise factor dB 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
UE noise factor dB 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Rx noise floor dBm -117.9 -117.9 -117.9 -117.9
Rx noise floor dBm -114.4 -114.4 -114.4 -114.4 Required SNR dB -6.3 -6.3 -6.3 -6.3
Required SNR dB -2.0 -2.0 -2.0 -2.0 Rx sensitivity dBm -124.2 -124.2 -124.2 -124.2
Rx sensitivity dBm -116.4 -116.4 -116.4 -116.4 BS antenna gain dBi 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0
UE antenna gain dBi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 BS feeder + jumper losses dB 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Max pathloss unloaded dB 158.9 158.9 158.9 158.9 Max pathloss unloaded dB 149.9 149.9 149.9 149.9
Interference margin dB 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 Interference margin dB 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4
Fading margin dB 10.2 8.7 8.0 7.3 Fading margin dB 10.2 8.7 8.0 7.3
Handover gain dB 4.3 3.8 3.5 3.3 Handover gain dB 4.3 3.8 3.5 3.3
Penetration loss dB 20.0 18.0 15.0 12.0 Penetration loss dB 20.0 18.0 15.0 12.0
MAPL - outdoor dB 149.2 150.2 150.6 151.1 MAPL - outdoor dB 141.6 142.6 143.0 143.5
MAPL - indoor dB 129.2 132.2 135.6 139.1 MAPL - indoor dB 121.6 124.6 128.0 131.5
MAPL - outdoor dB 141.6 142.6 143.0 143.5 Cell Radius m 335 435 725 1980
MAPL - indoor dB 121.6 124.6 128.0 131.5
RSRP Threshold dBm -112.9 -113.9 -114.3 -114.8
70
62.7
60
50
eNodeB site
30
19.1
20
10 6.2 7
3.6
0.6 0.8
0
nt d od ir ry al es
lle Goo Go
Fa cto gin ol
ce
ry fa ar H
Ex tis M RF
Ve Sa
Signal Strength
Coverage Hole
45 42.6
40
35
30
20
eNodeB site 15
14.8
10 8.5
5.6
5 3.6
0.7
0
ry
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s
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od
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le
Fa
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Go
Go
Ho
fac
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RF
M
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Ex
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Signal Strength
Coverage Hole
35
31.5
30 28.2
25
15
5 4.5
0.9
0
s
ry
al
od
od
ir
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le
Fa
gin
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Go
Go
Ho
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RF
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Coverage Hole
Ve
Sa
Signal Strength
45
39.9
40
eNodeB site 35
30
15
10
6.4 6.1
5 3.6
0.6
0
Coverage Hole
ry
al
s
od
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ir
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Fa
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Go
Go
Ho
fac
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RF
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Signal Strength
Quality Graph
Scheduler Types –
1. Proportional Fair (Recommended) - distributes
resources among users fairly in such a way that, on the
average, each gets the highest possible throughput
2.Proportional Demand - distributes the channel
throughput among users proportionally to the demands
and allocates resources proportional to the demands
3. Round Robin - resources allocated to each user are
either the resources it requires to achieve its maximum • Above graph shows that despite similar PDSCH SINR,
throughput demand or the total amount of resources scheduler algorithms have resulted in significant
divided by the total number of users in the cell, which difference in end user throughput perception
ever is smaller.
• As expected, Max. C/I demonstrated highest
4. Max C/I -tries to achieve maximum aggregate cell throughput with proportional fair being closest
throughput.
25.0
22.5
Coverage Hole 20.2 20.2 20.5
20.0
10.0
5.0
2.2
1.3
0.0
al
od
ry
od
ir
le
nt
eNodeB site
Fa
gin
Ho
to
lle
Go
Go
fac
ar
ce
RF
ry
M
tis
Ex
Ve
Sa
Downlink Throughput
Non-active site