Sources of Anti

Feminist Concepts
The biblical doctrine
 Both the old and new testaments place
woman in a subordinate position. St. Paul
enjoins wives to be submissive to their
husbands imposes silence and passivity on
them on matters of church, government
and doctrine (Adler 1963). Fundamental
Christianity associates women with sex,
seduction, and sin.
The patriarchal system
 Patriarchy
is based on the principle of male
dominance in family and society.
Political Ideology

 Byits non-egalitarian nature, Conservatism

as a political ideology tend to oppose
gender equality.
Educational system
 As perpetuator of culture, educational
system plays a vital role in promoting
gender sensitivity. However, in patriarchal
and paternalistic societies, the educational
system may breed consciousness of gender
inequality.
Other Concepts
on Women
Aristotle concepts on
women
 Heconsider man naturally superior to a
woman; the female is a kind of mutilated
male, suffering from a natural deficiency.
Rousseau
 He thinks that the proper sphere of
influence of women is in the home, where
she can persuasively impel recalcitrant
males to virtue and duty. (Adler 1963)
Sigmund Freud
 Heposits the psychoanalytical theory that
women accept inferiority because of penis
envy.
Cervantes
 Romantic concept treats woman as a tender
flower, to be prized and protected and
shielded from trespassers.
 Contemporary
Concept on Gender
Talcott Parsons
 In his Structure and Social Action (1949),
Parsons explain that gender differentiation
began when within the family the woman
performed expressive tasks, while men
assigned to themselves the instrumental
task.
Simone de Beauvoir
 In he “Second Sex” (1972), after rejecting
the concepts on gender of Freud, Engels
and the other socio-biological viewpoints
on the same subject, Beauvoir advanced
her own theoretical position on gender,
which she explained in two stages.
• Biological and primitive
environmental stage

• Agricultural Stage
Kate Millet
 Like Maine and Weber, Millet considered patriarchy as a form
of male domination. The unjust treatment and unequal
position of women in society are based on a form of power
relationship within society. Cited by Panopio and Rolda (2000)
Millet’s sexual politics operates in the following ways:
a. Males are aggressive, dominant, intelligent, efficacious;
females, on the other hand, are passive, docile, and
ineffectual.
b. Sex roles relegated women to domestic and child-rearing task,
while they relegated men to achievements outside the home.
c. Women are given biological status of child-bearing while men
occupy the superior status.
Gender Similarities and
Differences

Physicaland Biological
Psychological and Emotional
Physical and Biological
 Except for the organs of their reproductive
systems, both male and female have the
same organs and system (respiratory,
digestive, circulatory, nervous, etc.) within
their physical structure.
Psychological and Emotional

 Buss (1995) noted that men and women

differ psychologically in situations where
they may have previously encountered
different (negative or difficult) problems.
Gender Stereotypes
 Gender stereotypes refer to perceptions,
impressions, images and beliefs about masculinity
and femininity. They are generally negative in
nature and may discriminate or prejudice any of
the sexes.

Sexism
 It is the biased endorsement of traditional gender
roles.
Women’s Issues
Today
Sexual harassment
 It happens when a woman is unable to
perform her work due to unwanted sexual
advances (or even insinuations of sex
remarks) from superiors or co workers of
the opposite sex.
Equal work opportunities
and wages
 There are still many business establishing
practicing discrimination against women it
term of salaries and opportunities up the
business ladder. Certain position are still
reserved for the men, while the women are
just posted in secretarial and other clerical
tasks.
Domestic Violence
 Women are sometimes beaten by sons or
brothers or often by male partners.
Battered wives are victims and the
receiving end (“punching bags”) of the
distorted sense of machismo of some
Filipino husbands.
Adolescent Mothers and
Single Parents
 The concept of female single parents,
whether they are adolescents or adults are
still not popularly accepted by Filipinos
especially in the rural areas even in these
modern times.
Sexism in media and other
social institution
 Mediais often accused of projecting women
or even female adolescents as sex objects.
Discrimination Laws
against women
 Thereare still laws in our jurisprudence
wherein the women receive harsher
punishment for similar crime than men.
Child Pornography and
Prostitution
 Through the proliferation of Cybersex
outlets, the country may become one of
the largest sources of child pornography in
the world.
Lesbianism or Female
Homosexuality
 Female homosexual is used to refer to a
woman who is attracted, emotionally and
physically to members of her own sex.
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