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Hyperplastic obesity
During When energy When fat cells have With fat loss, the
growth, fat intake exceeds enlarged and energy size of the fat cells
cells increase expenditure, fat intake continues shrinks but not the
in number. cells increase to exceed energy number.
in size. expenditure, fat cells
Hyper- increase in number
plastic Hypertro- again.
phic
Stepped Art
Fig. 9-2, p. 283
Overweight
Fat Cell Development
Fat cell size
Fat cell sizes increase when energy intake
exceeds expenditure.
Hypertrophic obesity
The adverse effects of fat in non-adipose
tissue are called lipotoxicity.
Overweight
Fat Cell Metabolism
Lipoprotein lipase promotes fat storage.
Gender differences
Men are at increased risk for developing central
obesity and women are at increased risk for lower
body fat.
Overweight
Set-Point Theory
The body’s natural regulatory centers
maintain homeostasis at set point.
The human body tends to maintain a
certain weight.
Causes of Obesity
Obesity may not be as simple as food
intake exceeding metabolic needs.
Some factors, such as overeating and
inactivity, are within our control.
Genetic, hormonal and emotional
factors may require professional
intervention.
Causes of Obesity
Genetics
Leptin (also called the ob protein)
Protein that acts as a hormone to
of the ob gene
May be deficient in obese individuals
“Round is a shape”.
Causes of Obesity
Environment – The gene pool of our
population remains relatively unchanged.
Overeating
Present and past eating influences current body weight.
Increased availability of convenient food, large portions,
and energy-dense foods
Physical Inactivity
Modern technology replaces physical activities.
Physical activity is important to allow people to eat
enough food to get needed nutrients.
Buy a lot of McDonald’s
food and get a big, fat
ass, absolutely free.
Causes of Obesity
Environment – The gene pool of our
population remains relatively unchanged.
Overeating
Present and past eating influences current body weight.
Increased availability of convenient food, large portions,
and energy-dense foods
Physical Inactivity
Modern technology replaces physical activities.
Physical activity is important to allow people to eat
enough food to get needed nutrients.
.
LAZINESS
IS NOT A HANDICAP
.
Obesity: Risk Factors
Genetics
Family history of obesity
Psychological factors
Social and cultural factors
Medical Illnesses
Medications
Alcohol consumption
Smoking Cessation
Problems with Obesity
Obesity problems depend on many
factors such as the extent of
overweight, age, health status and
genetic makeup.
Risk factors may differ among
individuals.
Let’s just say you weigh
Makes a point
too much and theabout
less saida topic
about your future the better
Give a man a fish and
he will eat for a day.
Type 2 diabetes
Sleep apnea
Problems with Obesity
Perceptions and Prejudices
Social Consequences
Prejudices and discrimination
Judged on appearance rather than character
Stereotyped as lazy and lacking self-control
Psychological Problems
Feelings of rejection, shame and depression are
common.
Ineffective treatments can lead to a sense of failure.
I am fat
and unhappy.
I lose a little
weight, but then I want to
regain it (and be happy.
sometimes more).
If I lose
I try too hard to weight, I will
reach an be happy.
unrealistic goal.
Stepped Art
Fig. 9-4, p. 289
Problems with Obesity
Dangerous Interventions
Fad Diets
False theories
Inadequate diets
Strong Motivation
Supportive Environment
Appropriate Behaviors
Self confidence/efficacy
Good attitude
Positive outlook
Predicting Weight Loss
Strong Motivation
Desire or want
Belief it is possible
Commitment to doing it
Positive attitude
Persistence
Predicting Weight Loss
Supportive Environment
Family and friends
Professional
Predicting Weight Loss
Appropriate Behaviors
Healthy eating
Circumference changes
Strong Motivation
Supportive Environment
Appropriate Behaviors
Exercise
Behavior
therapy/modification/change
Pharmacotherapy
Surgery
I see no reason
why you should not
engage in
strenuous activity
Exercise
In response to the question whether diet
plus exercise is more effective than diet
alone in causing weight loss, the
conclusion of the consensus panel was as
follows "---
“in most studies exercise does not
significantly increase initial weight loss over
and above that obtained with diet only.
However, in almost all studies the diet
plus exercise group lost somewhat
more weight than the diet alone
condition."
THE 100 METER MOSEY
Exercise
100%
% of calories expended
FAT
Carbohydrate
0 5 10 20
Time minutes
Three more, two more, one
more, okay!...Five million leg
lifts right leg first! Ready
Exercise
Two short sessions/day or
one long session?
Exercise
Two short sessions/day or
one long session?
Yes!
Exercise
Two short sessions/day or one long session?
Yes!
Surgery
Treatments of Obesity
Surgery
Surgery is an option for those who have tried
weight loss programs and failed, have a BMI
≥ 35, and are having health problems due to
their weight.
Strong Motivation
Supportive Environment
Appropriate Behaviors