INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Who coined the term “criminologia?”
French, 1st used
criminologie
A. Paul Topinard Essay on Crimes
B. Cesare Beccaria & Punishment
Father – -
C. Cesare Lombroso modern
1764
D. Rafaelo Garofalo criminology
 HOLY THREE OF CRIMINOLOGY
BY STEPHEN SCHAFER, 1969
1. Lombroso - The Criminal Man,
1911 (L’uomo
Delinquente)
2. Enrico Ferri – Criminal Sociology,
1917
3. Garofalo – Criminology, 1914
(original, 1884)
2. The word criminology was from coined
the Latin words “crimen” and “logia?” The
former was understood as -

A. sin
B. bad study
C. accusation
D. All of the above
2. It means the study of the attempt of
analyzing scientifically the causes, control &
treatment of criminals. It is also the study
of crimes.
Application of
A. Crime psychology in
B. Criminology answering legal
C. Social Criminology issues, aka
D. Criminal Psychology Forensic
Psychology
3. It is the discipline involved in the
collection of knowledge about criminal
action which is the study of crime focused
on the group of people and society as a
whole.
A. Psychiatric criminology
B. Criminology
C. Psychological criminology
D. Sociological criminology
4. It is focused on the individual criminal
behavior; how it is acquired, evolved,
maintained and modified.

A. Psychiatric criminology
B. Biological criminology
C. Psychological criminology
D. Sociological criminology
5. It refers to the study of criminal
things, and the analysis of object
evidences from the scene left by the
offender.
Used of
A. Instrumentation devices,
B. Forensic Science gadgets, etc in
C. Criminalistics criminal
Natural
D. Criminalist investigation
sciences in
answering
specialist in the collection and
legal issues
examination of the physical
evidence of crime
6. An attempt at scientific analysis of
the conditions under which criminal
laws develop is called -

A. Criminal Etiology
B. Penology
C. Sociology of Law
D. Criminal Law
7. What is the generic name referring to
an act that is undesirable because of
the maladjusted behavior of a person?

A. Felony
B. Offense
C. Crime
D. Misdemeanor
8. The acts in violation of simple rules
and regulations and usually refer to acts
committed by minor offenders are
known as -

A. Violations
B. Misdemeanor or delinquency
C. Felony
D. Offense
9. A stole the cellular phone of B, then A
sold it for a certain amount.
B used the money to buy some clothes. In
what classification of crimes did B
committed belong?

A. Situational crimes
B. Episodic crimes
C. Seasonal crimes
D. Acquisitive crimes
10. A person who violated a social norm
and has been convicted by a court for
the violation of criminal law is referred
to as -
A. Criminal
B. Prisoner
C. Inmate
D. Delinquent
11. What is the study of the causes of
criminality?

A. Criminal etiology
B. Criminology
C. Criminal Behavior
D. Crime Causality
12. What term is defined as the scientific
process of gaining substantial amounts of
knowledge on the traits of the offender by
studying the nature of the offended party?

A. All of these
B. Psychology
C. Victimology
D. Biology
13. The general approaches in the
explanation of crimes focused on the
psychoanalytical, psychiatric and
sociological explanations of crimes in an
integrated theory is covered by -
A. Contemporary approach
B. Subjective approach
C. Objective approach
D. Scientific approach
14. It is the explanation of crimes based on
the Freudian theory, which traces behavior
as the deviation of the repression of the
basic driver such as the id, ego, and
superego.
A. Biological approach
B. Anthropological approach
C. Psychoanalytical approach
D. Physiological approach
15. What approach deals with the
explanation of crime concerning
financial security of inadequacy and
other necessities to support life as
factors to criminality?
A. Socio-cultural
B. Economic
C. Monetary
D. Ecological
16. This theory maintains that crime is a
function of social change that occurs
along with environmental change.

A. Demonological
B. Human ecology
C. Psychoanalytical
D. Somatotyping
17. Who proposed utilitarian hedonism
which explains that a person always
acts in such a way as to seek pleasure
and avoid pain?
A. Cesare lombroso
B. Jeremy Bentham
C. Enrico Ferri
D. David Emile Durkheim
Social theory, crime as social fact, anomie
18. The school of criminology that
maintains that man is essentially a
moral creature with absolute free will to
choose between good and evil.

A. Classical
B. Positivist
C. Neo-classical
D. Modern school
19. All but one, are Italians who agreed that
in the study of crime and emphasizes should
be on scientific treatment of the criminal
and they form the holy trinity of
criminology:

A. Cesare Lombroso
B. Enrico Ferri
C. Rafaele Garofalo
D. Sigmund Freud
20. Cesare Lombroso ‘s theory on
inferior or animalistic behavior of man
is called -

A. Atavistic stigmata
B. Moral anomalies
C. Pseudo-criminals
D. Born criminals
21. The theory that explains the
absence of norms in a society provides
a setting conducive to crimes is called -

A. Sub-culture
B. Neutralization
C. Conflict
D. Anomie
22. Who maintained that crime is an
important ingredient of all healthy societies
because crime makes people more aware of
their common interest and help to define
appropriate, moral, or lawful behavior?
A. Sigmund Freud
B. William Sheldon
C. David Durkheim
D. Edwin Sutherland
23. What theory maintains that the
isolation, segregation, competition, conflict,
social contract, interaction, and social
hierarchy of people are the major influences
of criminal behavior?

A. Human ecology theory

B. Psychoanalytical theory
C. Classical theory
D. Social contract theory
24. Somatotyping idea originated from the
work of Ernest Kretschmer, a German
psychiatrist. One of its three principal types
of physique is a person of medium to tall,
strong, muscular and course bones who is
referred to as -
A. Asthenic
B. Athletic
C. Pyknic
D. Endomorph
25. He is the dean of modern
criminology and referred as the most
important criminologist of the
twentieth century.
A. E. Sutherland
B. C. Lombroso
C. C. Darwin
D. A. Cohen
26. The failure of man to achieve a
higher status of life caused criminals to
commit crime in order for that goal to
be attained is claimed by -
A. Strain theory
B. Sub- culture theory
C. Differential association theory
D. Labeling theory
27. Who is the French anthropologist
who used criminologie for the first
time?

A. P. Topinard
B. R.K. Merton
C. A. Cohen
D. C. Darwin
28. Which of the following deals with
the control of crime and also the study
of punishment of crime?

A. Criminology
B. Penology
C. Victimology
D. Etiology
29. The one possessing in high degree
the qualities considered distinctive of
manhood and is considered the subject
matter of criminology is the ________.
A. Man
B. Criminal
C. Victim
D. Behavior
30. Which of these is the most ancient of all
the different schools of criminology and
dates back in pre-scientific age? It is based
on the belief that people who commit crime
are demons.
A. Pre-classical
B. Positivist
C. Neo-classical
D. Classical
31. They are described as situational or
occasional offender whose participation in
criminal behavior was determined by
environmental factors.
A. Professional Criminals
B. Criminaloids
C. Born criminals
D. Hysteric criminals
32. What is the method used that are similar
to those in more recent years by ecologists
and epidemiologists? It is also known as
geographical school.
A. Demographic school
B. Socialist school
C. Chicago school
D. Cartographical school
33. He proposed the investigation of the
criminal behavior before punishment is
meted and was considered the father of
special preventive punishment theory.

A. Quetelet
B. A.M. Guerry
C. Franz Von Lieszt
D. Torde
34. Which of the following resulted
from the controversy between the
schools of Tarde and Lombroso which
includes all kinds of factors both
individual and social?

A. Multi-factor theory
B. Neutralization
C. Instrumentalist
D. Evolution theory
35. This involves the intellectual
apprehension of factual elements of the
acts commanded by law, and/or the
intent to commit the act.
A. Mala in se
B. Mala prohibita
C. Actus rea
D. Mens rea
36. These are the common classes of
crimes according to the law violated,
except:

A. Felony
B. Offenses
C. Misdemeanor
D. Violations
37. The concept of this was first introduced
by Edwin Sutherland in 1939. It is defined as
any illegal act that is committed in the
course of a legitimate occupation by any
respectable man of high social status.
A. Conventional
B. White collar crimes
C. Organized crimes
D. Property crimes
38. These involve willing participants of
activities that violate the law such as drug
abuse, gambling, prostitution and
pornography. That neither the offender nor
the victim is likely to report the crime to the
police.
A. Victimless crimes
B. Impossible crimes
C. Complex crimes
D. Non-Index Crimes
39. Which defines crimes, establishes
punishments and regulates the
investigation and prosecution of people
accused of committing crimes?

A. Criminal law
B. Criminal
C. Constitutional laws
D. Special laws
40. This theory treats the defect and
protects society from the untreatable.
Treatment to include drugs,
psychoanalysis, plastic surgery, genetic
counseling.
A. Anomie-strain theory
B. Learning theory
C. Biological theory
D. Disorganization-ecological
41. This theory emphasizes social change
and elimination of power. In general, it
seeks to replace gender-base structures
which focus upon principles of women on
care, nurturance, connectivity, community
and ethics.

A. Middle class theory

B. Feminist theory
C. Socio-cultural theory
D. Socio-economic theory
42. The identifiable person who has
been harmed individually and directly
by the perpetrator is the -

A. Society
B. Public
C. Offender
D. Victim
43. Victims of this crime often
deny their status as offended
party. They are not to be clearly
identifiable or directly linked to
the crime.
A. Situational crimes
B. Conventional crimes
C. White collar crimes
D. Blue collar crimes
44. In here, the crime victims or relatives
and friends of the deceased victim meet
with the defendant after conviction to tell
the convict about how the criminal activity
affected them, in the hope of rehabilitation.
A. Correctional Institution
B. Victim impact panel
C. Rehabilitation
D. Mutual Agreement
45. These are some psychological
problems recurring to victims of crime,
except:

A. Self-blame
B. Anxiety
C. Fear
D. Happiness
46. Criminology changes as social
conditions changes. Its progress goes with
the advancement of other sciences that is
applied to it. This characteristic of
Criminology is called -
A. Dynamics
B. Applied science
C. Social science
D. Nationalist
47. Which of the following schools of
thought introduced the application of
mitigating circumstances in imposing
penalties?
A. Pre-classical
B. Neo-classical
C. Classical
D. Positivist
48. What School of Criminology denied
the individual responsibility and argued
that criminals should not be punished?

A. Pre-classical
B. Neo-classical
C. Italian school
D. Demonological
49. It means normlessness or the gap
between goals and means that creates
deviances.

A. Conflict
B. Anomie
C. Critical
D. Anarchy
50. These are acts or omissions
punishable by special laws.

A. Delito
B. Offenses
C. Felony
D. Special Crimes
51. They argue that interpretations of
the law are dependent on the particular
social context in which they arise. They
would change the criminal justice
apparatus with informal social controls.

A. Social Criminologists
B. Feminists proponents
C. Patriarchal criminologists
D. Postmodernist criminologists
52. This grew out of the 1960s as a
rejection of the Enlightenment belief in
scientific rationality as the route to
knowledge and progress.

A. Postmodernism
B. Humanists
C. Feminists
D. Realists
53. This theory emphasizes
men’s control over women’s
labor and sexuality.

A. Masculine theory
B. Feminist theory
C. Patriarchal theory
D. Humanist theory
54. The principal goal of this
theory is to abolish patriarchy by
ensuring women equal
opportunity and equal rights.
A. Masculine theory
B. Feminist theory
C. Patriarchal theory
D. Humanist theory
 55. The feminist theory focuses on
three areas of crime and justice:,
EXCEPT -
A. None of these
B. The victimization of women
C. Gender differences in crime
D. Gendered justice (differing
treatment of female and male
offenders and victims by the
criminal justice system)
56. An approach that suggests that the
solution to all social problems, including
crime, is the transformation of human beings,
mutual dependence, reduction of class
structures, the creation of communities of
caring people, and universal social justice.

A. Peacemaking Criminology
B. Chicago School
C. Rational Theory
D. Radical Theory
57. A group of social scientists who
argue that critical criminologists need
to redirect their attention to the fear
and the very real victimization
experienced by working-class people.

A. Right realists
B. Left realists
C. Radicals
D. All of these
58. This theory defines crime as a
violation of human rights. It also argues
that capitalism requires people to
compete against each other in the
pursuit of material wealth.

A. Radical Theory
B. Humanists Theory
C. Socialists Theory
D. Leftists
59. According to this theory, criminal
law and the criminal justice system are
used by dominant groups to control
subordinate ones.

A. Social Control Theory

B. Anomie theory
C. Power struggle theory
D. Conflict Theory
60. This theory argues that once a
person commits a first criminal act,
they are labeled negatively as a
criminal.

A. Modeling Theory
B. Benchmarking Theory
C. Identification Theory
D. Labeling theory
61. A view in which people
are expected to commit
crime and delinquency
unless they are prevented
from doing so.
A. Social Conflict Theory
B. Social Process Theory
C. Social Control Theory
D. Social Differential Theory
62. Which of these argues that people
commit crimes because they get
positive reinforcement or negative
reinforcement.

A. Labeling theory
B. Learning Theory
C. Modeling Theory
D. Imitation Theory
63. It refers to a means by which a
person can learn new responses by
observing others without performing
any overt act or receiving direct
reinforcement or reward.

A. Labeling
B. Imitation
C. Modeling
D. B or C
64. He was one of the first theorists to
believe that crime was something learned
by normal people as they adapted to other
people and the conditions of their
environment. Writing in Penal Philosophy in
1890, he viewed all social phenomena as the
product of imitation or modeling.
A. Robert Merton
B. Gabriel Tarde
C. Sigmund Freud
D. Seymour Halleck
65. Robert Merton in 1938 wrote about
a major contradiction in the U.S.
between cultural goals and social
structure. He called the contradiction -

A. Social control
B. Social conflict
C. Normlessness
D. Anomie
66. A group of sociologists who
assumed in their research that
delinquent behavior was a product of
social disorganization.

A. Chicago School
B. Italian School
C. American School
D. European School
67. The general sense of morality
of the times

A. General conscience
B. Specific conscience
C. Collective conscience
D. Common conscience
68. He believed that human beings are
motivated by five basic levels of needs,
and that people choose crime because
they cannot (or will not) satisfy their
needs legally.

A. Seymour Halleck
B. Abraham Maslow
C. Abrahamssen
D. Sigmund Freud
69. The principal policy implication of
considering crime symptomatic of
deep-seated problems is to provide
psychotherapy in order to resolve the
symptoms associated with the
problems.
A. Psychoanalysis
B. Psychotheraphy
C. Psychologic
D. Psychopatic
70. It sees deviance as caused rather than
chosen, and its control is a medical like cure
rather than penance or punishment. It also
views deviance as sickness, not sin - a
product of disease infecting the body or
mind.

A. Social Pathology
B. Scientific Pathology
C. Criminological Pathology
D. Medical Pathology
71. Irregular and Opportunistic crimes
resorted to by career criminals who do
not view themselves as professional
criminals are __________ criminals.
A. Choice
B. Ordinary
C. Opportunistic
D.Intermittent
72. It is a crime committed by a person
who is in status of life and there is
linkage of profession in committing the
crime.
A. White collar
B. Ordinary
C. Professional
D. Opportunistic
73. Crime is part of the community. It is
the theory of ______________.
A. Wolfgang
B. Beccaria
C. Bentham
D. Durkheim
74. What is the term for securing of
mental capacity to the truth and
reality?

A.Super ego
B.Ego
C.Libido
D.Id
75. The theory that premises
the idea that the victim trigger
the suspect by provoked and
act known as -
A. Routine activities
B. Provocation
C. Victim precipitation
D. Proximization
76. What is the concept of reality?

A. Libido
B. Superego
C. Ego
D. Id
77. This statement, the custodial control
of a career criminal for a long term will
lower the crime rate. This derived from
_________________ theory.
A. Identity
B. Innovation
C. Conflict
D. Incapacitation
78. Response through use of CJS which
aim to reduce the gang activities.

A. Repression
B. Reduction
C. Reintegration
D. Prevention
79. A person bond to society prevents
him from violating social rules and
committing a crime. Refers to what
theory?
A. Social bond
B. Conflict
C. Labelling
D. Choice
80. Which study of criminology focuses
on the relationship between the crime
and the treatment of female within the
society?
A. Radical
B. Classical
C. Marxist
D. Feminist