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BACTERIAL MENINGITIS

BSN 1Y2-1

DOMINGO, ABIGAIL
EVANGELISTA, DEITHER
FELICIANO. JUBELENE
GUMULON, ALEXIS NICOLE
UPPAL, GAGAN DEEP
RICAFRENTE, DHARLEEN
SALINAS, NICA
SUNER, KERBY JANE
TERENCIO, MAJELLA
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS

• Most common form of meningitis.


• 80% of all cases are acute bacterial meningitis
• Can be life threatening.
• The infection can cause the tissues around the brain to swell.
This in turn interferes with blood flow and can result in
paralysis or even stroke.
• Also cause septicemia (blood poisoning).
• Can result in permanent disabilities (such as brain damage,
hearing loss, and learning disabilities).
CAUSATIVE AGENT
• The most common organisms causing bacterial meningitis,
accounting for 80% of all bacterial
• Cases, are:
- Haemophilus influenzae;
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus);
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus).
• Other bacterial organisms causing meningitis include:
- L. monocytogenes: Especially in pregnancy, infants under
one month of age, adults over 60 years, cancer patients, or the
immunosuppressed;
- Group B streptococci: Infants < 1 month;
- Escherichia coli: Infants < 1 month;
- Staphylococcus aureus: In people who have undergone
neurosurgery or with a history of head trauma.
Common causes of bacterial meningitis vary by age group:
Newborns Group B Streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria
monocytogenes, Escherichia coli
Babies and Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus
children influenzae type b (Hib), group B Streptococcus
Teens and Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae
young adults
Older adults Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus
influenzae type b (Hib), group B Streptococcus, Listeria
monocytogenes
PATHOGENISIS OF B. MENINGITIS
Causative Agent
Viral Meningitis : Virus (Introvirus)
Bacterial Meningitis : Bacteria
(Meningococcal

Susceptible Host Reservoir of Infection


Infants, young adults and people The human body (often Meningitis
who live in close quarters with one lye’sin the fluid of spinal cord).
another.

Portal of Entry Portal of Exit


The preferred portal of entry for Meningitis leaves the body
menigitis to get into another person is
through through the mucus membrane
through the drainage of mucus
of upper respiratory tract. through the oral nasal cavity.

Mode of Transmission
Transmitted from person to
through droplets of respiratory or
throat secretions.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• Early meningitis symptoms may mimic the flu (influenza).
Symptoms may develop over several hours or over a few days.
• Possible signs and symptoms in anyone older than the age of 2

include:
- Sudden high fever - Seizures
- Stiff neck - Sleepiness or difficulty waking
- Severe headache that - Sensitivity to light
seems different than normal - No appetite or thirst
- Headache with nausea or vomiting
- Confusion or difficulty concentrating
- Skin rash (sometimes, such as in meningococcal meningitis)
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE
• Bacterial Meningitis can be diagnose based on a Medical
History, Physical Exam and certain Diagnostic Tests.
• It may check for signs of infection around the head, ears,
throat and the skin along the spine.
• The physical exam will conduct.
• Will also check the neck for stiffness and will exam hip and
knee flexion.
Brudzinski Sign
 Severe neck stiffness causes a patient’s hips and knee to flex when
the neck is flexed.
Kernig’s Sign
 Severe stiffness of the hamstring’s causes and inability to straigthen
the leg when the hip is flexed to 90 degrees (due to pain).
MAY UNDERGO THESE FOLLOWING DIAGNOSTIC
PROCEDURE

Blood Culture
 Blood samples are placed in a special dish to see if it grows

microorganisms, particularly bacteria.


 A sample may also be placed on a slide and stained (Gram
stain) then, studied under microscope.
Imaging
 Computerized Tomography (CT)

 Scans of the head may show swelling or inflammation.

 X-rays and CT scans of the chest or sinuses also may show


infection in other areas.

Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture)


 Collecting Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

 CSF often shows a low sugar (glucose) level along with an


increased white blood cell count and increased protein.
 CSF analysis may help to identify which bacterium caused the
meningitis.
TREATMENT
Treatment – depends on cause.

Bacterial:
Steroids then Antibiotic - steroids prevents injury to leptominingles.
Drugs - antivirals, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic.
Vaccine – neisseria meningitidis, disseminated tuberculosis.
Prophylatic Antibiotics – avoid outbreaks.
THANK YOU!
QUIZ
1-3 Give the 3 Diagnostic Procedure
4-7 Give the 4 possible Treatment for the Baterial Meningitis
8-12 Give atleast 5 Signs and Symptoms for Bacterial Meningitis
13-15 Give atleast 3 different age group that has common
causes of bacterial meningitis.
ANSWERS
1-3 Blood Culture, Imaging, Spinal Tap
4-7 Steroid then Anitbiotic, Drugs, Vaccine, Prophylatic Antibiotics
8-12
Sudden high fever
Stiff neck
Severe headache that seems different than normal
Headache with nausea or vomiting
Confusion or difficulty concentrating
Seizures
Sleepiness or difficulty waking
Sensitivity to light
No appetite or thirst
Skin rash (sometimes, such as in meningococcal meningitis)
13-15 Newborns, Babies and Children, Teens and Young Adult, Older Adults

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