LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED

SAJITH.N.GANGADHARAN 1
REFERENCE STANDARD

OSHA – 1926, Subpart P,

IS Code 3764 - 1992
EXCAVATION

 Excavation.
Any man made cut, cavity or
depression in the earth’s surface
formed by earth.
 Trench.
A narrow underground excavation
that is deeper than it’s width but not
wider than 4.5 m (15’).

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 SOIL CLASSIFICATION
 Type A : cohesive soils with an unconfined,
compressive strength of 143.69 kN / M2. or
greater. Examples : clay, silty clay, sandy clay, clay
loam

 Type B : 47.91 – 143.69 kN / M2 .

Eg : Granular cohesion less soils including: angular
gravel (similar to crushed rock), silt, silt loam, sandy
loam

 Type C: > 47.91 kN / M2

Eg: gravel, sand, loamy sand,Submerged soil or soil
from which water is freely seeping; or Submerged
rock that is not stable 4
EXCAVATION HAZARDS

•Soil Collapse / Soil Cave

•Under ground Utilities
•Hazardous atmospheres
•Adjacent structures
•Falls / Falling loads
•Ingress / Egress
•Vehicle traffic (adjacent area)
•Mobile equipment

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 PRIOR TO EXCAVATION
 Ground / Soil condition
 Ground / Surface Water
 Location of Water Table
 Under ground / Overhead utilities
 Proximity & physical condition of
Adjacent buildings
 Dynamic load / Traffic
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PREVENTING SOIL COLLAPSE
Soil classification (Type a, b, or C)
determines construction of protective system:

Sloping
 Benching
 Placing a shield.
 Shoring
•Timber / Aluminum shoring
•Sheet piling

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 SIMPLE SLOPING
•Stable Rock 900

Type A - 3/4:1 530

Short term up to 12’ -630

Note :Greater than 20 feet deep shall be designed

by a registered professional engineer. 8
SIMPLE SLOPING -TYPE A SOIL
Unsupported Vertically-Sided Lower Portion <8 ft

Unsupported Vertically-Sided Lower Portion <12 ft

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SIMPLE SLOPING -TYPE A SOIL
Supported or Shielded Vertically-Sided Lower Portion

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 SIMPLE SLOPING

 Type B - 1:1 450

 Type C - 1½ :1 340

Note :Greater than 20 feet deep shall be designed

by a registered professional engineer.
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BENCHING

 Type A

 Type B
 (cohesive soil)
 Type C

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BASIC COMPONENTS OF SHORING

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TIMBER SHORING INSTALLATIONS

REFER TO DESIGN ENGR.

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UTILITIES
Underground

PERMIT SYSTEM
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 EFFECTS OF UTILITIES

ABOVE GROUND UNDER GROUND

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 EFFECTS OF UTILITIES

EXPLOSION FIRE

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UTILITIES

PREVENTION
 Excavation Clearance For
 Electricity

 Water & Sewage Pipeline

 Communication

 Oil & Gas Pipe Line

From the concerned, from clients, L&T &

other Agency if any.
 Detectors ( for More Reliable)

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WATER ACCUMULATION

 Ground water
 Surface water

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SURFACE WATER ACCUMULATION PREVENTION

 Ifexcavation work interrupts the natural

drainage of surface water (such as streams)
 Diversion ditches,
 Dykes
 other suitable means to prevent surface water

Excavations subject to runoff from heavy rains require

an inspection by a competent person to evaluate
water accumulation hazards.

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HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES
Never Start Work if,
 Oxygen Level less than 19.5 %
 Permissible limit of the toxic gases exceeded.
 More than 20 % of Lower Explosive Limit.

PRECAUTIONS
 Ventilation to over come the above said.
 Blocking the source, incase of toxic and
flammable gases.
 Using other effective controls to reduce the level
of atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levels

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 ADJACENT STRUCTURES

 Ensure structure
stability
 Shoring

 Bracing

 Evaluation by
Professional

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FALLING LOAD

 Gravity
 Weight of soil pile
 Weight of near by structures
 Weight of personnel &equipment
 Vibration
PREVENTION
Never operate a construction equipment within 2.5 m from
the edge of the excavation.

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 PREVENTION
Stacking the material 1 Mtrs away from the edge of
the excavation.

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 PREVENTION
Never park the mobile equipment within 2.5 Mtrs of the
Excavated Edge.

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ACCIDENT

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ACCESS / EGRESS
 Ladders –

 @ every 30 ft Length – Normal Operations

 @ every 15 ft length – Hazards operation

 Ramps with soil with slope not more

than 15o

 Stairs cut on earth

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VEHICLE TRAFFIC
Traffic Management
Plan
Traffic Control

Traffic Safety Vests

Fencing

Illumination

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TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN
 Width of the passage.
 Radius of curve.

 Clearance with the side by objects.

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TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICE & VEST

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 FENCING
 Hard Barrication shall be provided, in
the fall prone areas and if depth is
more
 Physical barricades required always
 Must be placed 2m away from
excavation
 Standard fall protection required for
vertical falls over 1.3m
 Traffic diversions
 Pedestrian walkway diversions
 Warning boards

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REFLECTIVE CONES. BARRICADES

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 ILLUMINATION 1926.56(A)
Minimum Required Illumination.

53 Lux for General Construction Area.

108 Lux for Electrical Installation Room,
Machinery Cabins, and other
important …
323 Lux for First Aid Centre and
offices.

TAKING LUX READING AT SITE 34

TEMPORARY LIGHTINGS.

 Sufficient Area
Lighting.
 Emergency Lighting
with Power back up.

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EXCAVATION INSPECTIONS

 Daily Inspections by Competent Person

 Start of shift, as needed, following
rainstorms or other hazard-increasing
event
 Possible cave-ins
 Protective system failure

 Water accumulation

 Hazardous atmospheres

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EXCAVATION RESCUES

 The best rescue is the one you never have to

make!
 Practice proper procedures
 Make sure everything is safe before anybody goes in!

DON’T ROLL THE DICE!!!

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PILING

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TYPES OF PILING.

 Bored / Cassion Pile

 Drive piles.

 Floating Pile

 Sheet Piling

& Many more.

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 BORED / CASSION PILE

Drilling with drilling mc.

Casting the hole, drilled.
Hazards involved.
 Proximity of TL.

 Noise pollution.

 Dust formation.

 Deep holes.

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 DRIVE PILLING.

Immersing of the rod / tube /

sheet.

Major hazard : - impact energy.

Creates.
 Weakening the foundation.
 Shearing the pile.
 Loosening fasteners.

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 PILING PRECAUTIONS
General.
 IS code : 5121 – 1969.
 Competent & qualified foreman /
operator.
 Fencing around the site.
 Illumination – 100 lux intensity.
 Check underground utilities
before work commences.
 Use safety helmet / belts / fall
arrester.
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 PILING Precautions
General.
 Safety provisions shall be noticed.
 Warning signs displayed.

 First-aid kit.

 Proper signal man / operator.

 PPE – gloves / dust mask / gumboot /

welding helmet / helmet / fall arrester.

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 PILING PRECAUTIONS
Piling rig.
 Ladders to move to top.
 Moving parts fully enclosed.
 Maintenance only by competent
person.
 Hammer in drop when not in use.
 SWL to be marked in lifting tackles.
 Hammer missing from pile.
 Armoured cable shall be used.
 Guards to prevent cable from
jumping out.

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 PILING PRECAUTIONS

Floating piles
Deploy swimmers.
Equal weight distribution –
deck installation
horizontal
Vent with flame arrestor for
fuel tanks below deck.
Unrestricted view of the
operations.

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 PILING PRECAUTIONS
CASSIOON / bored piling.
 Unattended holes.
 Clearing soil, loose tools,
ropes etc, before entering
hole.
 Max 1 hrs inside hole.
 Hand lamps of 24 volts.
 Detectors for hazardous
conditions.
 Detection for danger,
followed by entry.
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 PILING PRECAUTIONS.
SHEET PILING
 Hand rope to steel sheet.
 Safe Seat
 Adequate life saving equipment
on cofferdams.
 While weighted with stones
should be secured.
 Controlling by cables and other
effective means when
removed.

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 TRIPOD

 Base support(shoe)of the tripod leg should be suitably

designed and it should have adequate length and
width.
 Base of the shoe should be anchored in the ground at
both ends. Anchoring length should be at least
750mm.
 Fastening arrangement of tripod leg with base support
shall preferably have HT bolt and nut with splitting.

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PRECAUTIONS.

 When driving pile into excavated pit, side

should be protected.
 Accepting signal only from the authorized signal
man.
 Guys,outriggers or counter weight shall be
provided to for stability.

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Construction of underground tunnels, chambers, and
passageways are dangerous activities. Reduced light
conditions, difficult or limited access and egress, with
the potential for exposure to air contaminants and the
hazards of fire and explosion, workers face many
dangers.

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Responsible person Rule 121

Capable of identifying existing

and predictable hazards in
the surroundings or working
conditions which are
unsanitary, hazardous, or
dangerous to employees, and
who has authorization to
take prompt corrective
measures to eliminate them.

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 Communication

 Check-in/check-out procedures
 Control of access and egress
 Ground support of portal and subsidence
areas
 Ground support of underground areas
 Ground support of shafts

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 Fire prevention and control

Open flames and fires are prohibited

except as permitted for welding, cutting
Fire extinguishers of ABC or DCP type
Underground structures, & within 100 feet of an
opening to the underground to be constructed of
fire retardant material
Internal combustion engines (except diesel-
powered engine are prohibited underground.
Storage areas must be300 feet from underground
explosive magazines, and at least 100 feet from
shaft stations and steeply inclined passageways
storage area should be diked
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 Ventilation requirements

Fresh air must be supplied to all

underground work
mechanical ventilation to ensure that
each employee working underground
has at least 200 cubic feet (5.7m3) of
fresh air per minute.
When drilling rock or concrete, dust
control measures

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 Air monitoring

Competent person
Test for oxygen 19.5 and 22 percent
oxygen
methane and other flammable gases
Hydrogen sulfide levels
drilling and blasting underground

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HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES

Never Start Work if,

 Oxygen Level less than 19.5 %
 Permissible limit of the toxic gases exceeded.
 If More than 20 % of Lower Explosive
Limit.
PRECAUTIONS
 Ventilation to over come the above said.
 Blocking the source, incase of toxic and
flammable gases.
 Using other effective controls to reduce the level
of atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levels

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COMPRESSED AIR
 Used when there is unstable soil or seepage of
water.
 Air-locks to be designed for 1.25 times of
maximum pressure and tested before its use by
responsible person.
 Workers are in risk of Decompression sickness,
cerebral air gas embolism and barotraumas.

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 Emergency procedures

Designated person above ground,

responsible for maintaining an accurate count
of the number of employees underground and
summoning emergency aid if needed.
hand lamp or cap lamp self-rescuers

25 or more employees - at least two 5-

person rescue teams,

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 Man locks, Medical locks
Rule No. 166,168
Man lock should have sufficient strength to sustain
pressure applied to it.
Within eight hours more than three decompression for
pressure exceeding one bar is not allowed.
No building worker to be allowed for work in more than
3-bar. Except prior permission has been obtained by
DG
Register for worker employed in compressed air
environment is maintained.

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Thank you for Patient Listening