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IN RESEARCH
Statistics are like bikinis. What
they reveal is suggestive, but
what they conceal is vital.
- Aaron Levenstein
STATISTICS involves the
systematic collection,
presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data.
Raw Data
Importance
Few of Statistics
Meaningful in Research
Numbers
Statistical
Conclusion
Solution to
the Problem
LOOK AT THESE
RESEARCH
STUDIES
A researcher tested the presence of significant difference
between the antibacterial efficacy of Makabuhay Leaf Extract
against P. aeruginosa as compared to Chloramphenicol in terms
of Antibacterial Index (AI). The data are as follows:
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Average
T1
(Makabuhay Plant 2.3 1.9 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.10
Extract)
A B C D E F G H Ave
With CBD 3.25 3.22 3.67 3.53 3.76 3.39 3.55 3.41 3.47
(mmol/L)
Without CBD 3.11 3.23 4.02 4.11 3.47 4.21 4.11 4.27 3.82
(mmol/L)
A researcher tested the Cytotoxicity of Leaf Extract of Bignay and
Lumboy Leaves as compared to Phenol using Brine Shrimp
Lethality Assay. The results are as follows (in terms of number of
dead brine shrimp larvae after 24 hours of contact time)
Treatment R1 R2 R3 Ave
Bignay Leaves 24 18 25 22.33
Lumboy Leaves 21 21 17 19.67
Phenol 25 28 27 26.67
A researcher tested the Cytotoxicity of different concentrations of
Lumboy Leaves Extract as compared to Phenol using Brine
Shrimp Lethality Assay. The results are as follows (in terms of
number of dead brine shrimp larvae after 24 hours of contact
time)
Treatment R1 R2 R3 Ave
25% Lumboy Leaves Ext. 19 22 22 21.00
50% Lumboy Leaves Ext. 23 26 23 24.00
75% Lumboy Leaves Ext. 25 27 26 26.00
Phenol 27 28 29 28.00
A researcher tested if there is a significant interaction
between types of plant and the kind of extractant used.
Lumboy and Bignay Leaf Extracts were assessed with
Ethanol and Methanol as extractants using Brine Shrimp
Lethality Assay, the results are as follows.
Ethanol Methanol
Bignay Leaves 24 24 R1
26 20 R2
25 21 R3
Lumboy Leaves 27 22 R1
26 21 R2
26 19 R3
HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
Hypothesis testing, is a decision-making process for
evaluating claims about a population.
1. Dependent t-test
2. Independent t-test
Type I Correct
Reject Ho Error Rejection
One-Way ANOVA:
• df (bt) = t – 1
• df (wt) = t (r – 1)
Degree of Freedom
Two-Way ANOVA:
• df (A) = a – 1
• df (B) = b – 1
• df (interaction) = (a – 1) (b – 1)
• dt (wt) = ab (r – 1)
STEP 4:
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Average
T1
(Makabuhay Plant 2.3 1.9 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.10
Extract)
A B C D E F G H Ave
With CBD 3.25 3.22 3.67 3.53 3.76 3.39 3.55 3.41 3.47
(mmol/L)
Without CBD 3.11 3.23 4.02 4.11 3.47 4.21 4.11 4.27 3.82
(mmol/L)
USING
EXCEL
With CBD Without CBD
Mean 3.4725 3.81625
Variance 0.036421429 0.219626786
Observations 8 8
df 7
t Stat -2.2197
t Critical two-tail 2.3646
-2.3646 2.3646
4. Calculated Value: -2.2197
-2.2197
-2.3646 2.3646
5. Decision and Conclusion:
Treatment R1 R2 R3 Ave
T1 - Bignay Leaves 24 18 25 22.33
T2 - Lumboy Leaves 21 21 17 19.67
T3 - Phenol 25 28 27 26.67
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Bignay Leaves 3 67 22.33 14.33
Lumboy Leaves 3 59 19.67 5.33
Phenol 3 80 26.67 2.33
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F F crit
Between Groups 74.89 2 37.44 5.106 5.143
Within Groups 44.00 6 7.33
Total 118.89 8
1. Hypothesis: T1 = T2, T1 = T3, T2 = T3
3. Degree of freedom:
a) df (bt) = t – 1= 2
b) df (wt) = t (r – 1) = 3 x 2 = 6
Critical Value (2, 6, 0.05) = 5.14
4. Calculated F-value = 5.106
5.106
5.14
5. Decision:
Treatment R1 R2 R3 Ave
25% Lumboy Leaves Ext. 19 22 22 21.00
50% Lumboy Leaves Ext. 23 26 23 24.00
75% Lumboy Leaves Ext. 25 27 26 26.00
Phenol 27 28 29 28.00
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
25% Lumboy Ext. 3 63 21 3
50% Lumboy Ext. 3 72 24 3
75% Lumboy Ext. 3 78 26 1
Phenol 3 84 28 1
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F F crit
Between Groups 80.25 3 26.75 13.375 4.066181
Within Groups 16 8 2
Total 96.25 11
1. Hypothesis: T1 = T2 = T3 = T4
3. Degree of freedom:
a) df (bt) = t – 1= 3
b) df (wt) = t (r – 1) = 4 x 2 = 8
Critical Value (3, 8, 0.05) = 4.07
4. Calculated F-value = 13.375
13.375
4.07
5. Decision:
2. T1 vs T3
Scheffe Test
3. T1 vs T4
4. T2 vs T3
Scheffe Test
5. T2 vs T4
4. T3 vs T4
Scheffe Test
Critical Value
Ethanol Methanol
Bugnay Leaves 24 24 R1
26 20 R2
25 21 R3
Lumboy Leaves 27 22 R1
26 21 R2
26 19 R3
Anova: Two-Factor With Replication
Lumboy
Count 3.00 3.00 6.00
Sum 79.00 62.00 141.00
Average 26.33 20.67 23.50
Variance 0.33 2.33 10.70
Total
Count 6.00 6.00
Sum 154.00 127.00
Average 25.67 21.17
Variance 1.07 2.97
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F F crit
Type of Plants 0.083 1.00 0.083 0.0417 5.32
Extractant 60.75 1.00 60.75 30.375 5.32
Interaction 4.0833 1.00 4.0833 2.0417 5.32
Within 16.00 8.00 2.00
Total 85.67 11.00
1. Hypothesis:
3. Degree of freedom
a) df (A) = 1
b) df (B) = 1
c) df (Int) = 1
d) df (wt) = 8
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F F crit
Type of Plants 1.33 1.00 1.33 1.33 5.32
Extractant 75.00 1.00 75.00 75.00 5.32
Interaction 1.33 1.00 1.33 1.33 5.32
Within 8.00 8.00 1.00
Total 85.67 11.00
5. Decision:
Treatment R1 R2 R3 Ave.
Bamban Leaf Extract 18 17 15 16.67
Tagbak Leaf Extract 22 21 20 21.00
Duso Leaf Extract 23 25 25 24.33
Chloramphenicol 29 26 24 26.33