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• He arranged elements in
order of increasing atomic
mass, and noted that their
properties e.g. Melting point,
boiling point and density were
periodic in nature (repeating
patterns existed). .
Periods
Trends in Physical Properties of the Elements
Melting points and boiling points
• The density of a
substance is its
mass per unit
volume, usually in
g/cm3.
Trends in Physical Properties of the Elements
Density
In general in any period of the table, density first increases from group 1 to
a maximum in the centre of the period, and then decreases again towards
group 0
5th
4th
2nd 3rd
Variation of density (g cm-3) with atomic number
Adapted from New Higher Chemistry E Allan J Harris
pm = picometre X 10 – 12 m
Covalent radius
Trends in Physical Properties of the Elements
+
The outermost electron will be the most
weakly held and is removed first
M +(g)
The ionisation energy is an enthalpy change and therefore is measured per mole.
Energy
e
M 2+
(g)
M(g)+ M(g)2+ + e 2nd ionisation
First and Second ionisation energies of the first 20 elements
Adapted from New Higher Chemistry E Allan J Harris
Li Be B C N O F Ne
526 905 807 1090 1410 1320 1690 2090
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
502 744 584 792 1020 1010 1260 1530
K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
425 596 577 762 953 941 1150 1350
Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe
409 556 556 715 816 870 1020 1170
Trends in Ionisation energy
• Across a period ionisation energies increase.
This is because the nuclear charge increases (greater
positive charge on the nucleus) and holds the outer
electrons more strongly. More energy needs to be
supplied to remove the electron.
Within each period the noble gas has the highest value
for the 1st ionisation energy explaining the stability of
full electron shells.
• Down a group ionisation energies decrease.
This is because the outer electrons are further away
from the nucleus. The screening effect of the inner
electron shells reduces the nuclear attraction for the
outer electrons, despite the increased (positive)
nuclear charge.
Why is the second ionisation energy of an element
always greater than the first ionisation energy?
First ionisation energy – first mole
M(g) M+(g) + e
of electrons removed
Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of an
atom’s attraction for the shared pair
of electrons in a bond
e
C e
H
δ+ H I δ-
Looking across a period
Increasing Electronegativity
Li Be B C N O F
Cl 3.0
electronegativities of I 2.6
these halogens?