What is

philosophy?
♥ love of wisdom.
♥ It is a belief accepted as authorative
by some group
♥ It is a rational investigation of
questions about existence and
knowledge and ethics
♥ It is any personal belief about how to
live or how to deal with a situation.
What is truth?
 It is most often used to mean being
in accord with fact or reality, or
fidelity to an original or standard.

Jesus Christ (“I am the way and the

truth and the life.” - John 14:6)
 The Nature of Truth as Static

The scholastic and other

philosophers view wisdom and truth
according to the ultimate causes,
which is God is from natural reason. It
is separate from theology, which
shows itself in revelation.
 It is like peeling an onion where
one can go on peeling each layer until
one hopefully arrives at its core or
essence.

It is presumed perennial, it can

not be subject to change.
 The ideal of the philosopher was
to look for the truth in the
impassionate, disinterested way.
The Nature of Truth as Dynamic
The existentialists, want truth to
be dynamic since man is dynamic.
They want truth as a relevant
and concerning the issues of life.
One specific function of
committedness is for a cause. This
brings us to ideology.
IDEOLOGY
In the Marxist sense, it
focuses on a system of thought
which keeps together the cohesion
of a group, which justifies its
situation, by valuing only one
aspect of the economic and social
reality.
 To Montemayor, It is a
combination of social philosophy and
social program. Ideology for Filipino
must be dynamic and therefore
continually shaping according to the
needs.
Can philosophy be
ideology?
 IDEOLOGY PHILOSOPHY
Biased and wants to A science, then it must
see all things from use the measures and
that perspective norms of science
Ideologist does not Philosopher is open to
change his mind in change his mind
spite of the evidence whenever he
before him. discovers other proofs
which may contradict
to his stand.
 IDEOLOGY PHILOSOPHY
An ideologue’s The purpose of
sole aim is to any philosopher
advocate and is to seek
enforce his or her knowledge for the
ideology sake of wisdom
wherever he can. and truth.
 If Happy Balance

If the truth is seen as static, its

concern is essence since essence does
not change. The present is to be
regarded as the same as the past.
Hence, its value is contemplation.
 If the truth is seen as dynamic, it is
concerned more about the present
and the future. Hence, it is concerned
about existence and the becoming.
Truth is both a combination of
being and becoming, of essence
and of existence, of static and
dynamic. We need tradition and
the past. To forget the past is to
dislodge everything.
Philosophy and Filipino Values

VALUE
comes from the Latin word,
valere, to be worth and its
corresponding utility.
ANXIOLOGY
The theory and science of values
Not only a concern of philosophy
but also of the other behavioral
sciences, including sociology,
education, economics and politics.
Anxiology in philosophy
Max Scheler’s Kinds of Values
1. Values of the sense
Examples: the pleasant, unpleasant
2. Values of life
Examples: the noble, the common
3. Values of the spirit
Examples: beautiful, ugly
4. Religious values
Examples: the holy, unholy
Value on economics
Economics looks at the term from
its usefulness or purchasing power.
According to Becker, its core
meaning denotes “any need,
attitude or desire.”
 Values become norms for judging
behavior in a given culture.
Example: In Filipino culture,
individualism is judged as bad.
 Value is different from need
because need is necessary or require
as useful.
Value is different from desire
because desire is directed toward
certain objects or states. Values are
source of desire.
Example: desire to be a professional
teacher
 Values are different from rules of
conduct or etiquette. Rules of conduct
are specific whereas values are
independent of specific situations.
Values are different from
attitude. Attitude is a complex mental
state involving beliefs and feelings.
“ For the forseeable future, it is doubtful
whether the definition of values can be
produced that embraces all the meanings
assigned to terms and cognates or that
would be acceptable to all investigators.
The diver’s lines of approach are nit likely
to converge with the ease of a unified
theory and methodology.”
– Albert 1967:288
“ The aim of education is
knowledge, not facts, but of
values”
- William S. Burroughs