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• Introduction of GSM
• GSM Spectrum
• Mobile Station
• GSM Sub Systems
NSS
BSS
NMS
• GSM Interfaces
• Channel Concepts
GSM:A brief background
• At the beginning of the 1980s a problem was
that the European countries were using many
different, incompatible mobile phone systems.
These systems are referred to as 1G (first
generation) systems.
• In Europe, the most common 1G system was
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) and TACS
(Total Access Communications System). In the
United States, as well as in other American
countries, AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System) was, and still is, a widely established
system.
GSM:A brief background
• With the passage of time, the need for telecom
services was remarkably increased. Due to this,
CEPT (Conférence Européenne des Postes et
Télécommunications) founded a group to specify
a common mobile system for Western Europe.
• This group was named “Groupe Spéciale Mobile”
and the system name GSM arose. This
abbreviation has since been interpreted in other
ways, but the most common expression
nowadays is Global System for Mobile
communications.
• GSM is a 2G (second generation) system.
Expectations From GSM
System
• The GSM system must be an open system.
B
T
S
890Mhz 915Mhz 935Mhz
960Mhz
...... ......
890 890.2 914.8 915 935 935.2 959.8 960
RF Spectrum :
GSM 900
Mobile to BS (UP-LINK) - 890 to 915 MHz
BS to Mobile (DOWN -LINK) - 935 to 960
MHz
Bandwidth - 25 MHz
GSM 1800
Mobile to Cell (UP-LINK) - 1710 to 1785 MHz
Cell to Mobile (DOWN -LINK) - 1805 to 1880 MHz
Bandwidth - 75 MHz
GSM - MULTIPLE ACCESS
• Each RF carrier 200khz apart
1 2 3 4 5 6 124
……...
Freq
890.2 890.4 890.6 890.8 891.0 914.8
Mhz.
• Absolute Radio Freq Carrier Number (ARFCN) 1 and 124 not used
until it is co-ordinated with Non -GSM operators in adjacent freq. bands.
Here 1 ≤ n ≤ 124.
GSM
FDMA
Amplitude
45 MHz
7 8 7 8
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
Frequency
F1 F2 F1’ F2’
(Cell Rx) (Cell transmit)
Physical Channel
(0.577ms)
The TDMA frame time slot of 0.577ms is known
as physical channel while the contents of physical
channel according to their roles are called as
logical channel
Mobile Station (MS)
• In GSM, the mobile phone is called Mobile
Station (MS).
• The MS is a combination of terminal
equipment and subscriber data.
• The terminal equipment as such is called
ME (Mobile Equipment) and the subscriber's
data is stored in a separate module called
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module).
• Therefore, ME + SIM = MS.
MS : SIM
SIM Contains:
• Identification numbers of the user (IMSI).
• Tools needed for authentication and ciphering.
• Storage space for messages, such as phone
numbers.
• List of available networks
MS : ME
Subsystems in GSM
• BTS and TRAU control : Inside the BSS, all the BTSs
and TCs are connected to the BSC(s). The BSC maintains
the BTSs and is capable of separating (barring) a BTS
from the network and collecting alarm information. TRAUs
are also maintained by the BSC.
BSS Element : BTS
BTS is responsible for maintaining the Air-Interface and
minimising the transmission problems. BTS functions are as
follows:
• Air interface signalling
• Ciphering: Both the BTS and the MS must be able to cipher
and decipher information in order to protect the transmitted
speech and data in the air interface.
• Speech processing : All functions performed by BTS in
order to guarantee an error-free connection between the MS
and the BTS. This includes:
– Speech Coding: D/A conversion in the downlink direction
and vice-versa.
– Channel Coding: Used for error protection against fading
dips.
– Interleaving: Spreading the coded speach in many Bursts
to enable a secure transmission.
– Burst Formatting: Adding information to the coded
Speech Processing by BTS
BSS Element : BTS
• The BTS can contain several TRXs
(Transceivers), each supporting one pair of
frequencies for transmitting and receiving
information.
Physical Channel
Logical Channel
Physical Channel
Each timeslot in TDMA frame is called a physical
channel.
There are 8 physical channels per carrier in GSM.
Physical channels may be used to carry speech data
or signaling information.
Logical Channel
The Information carried by physical channels is
known as logical channel.
There are a several type of logical channels
available in GSM.
GSM
LOGICAL CHANNELS
Common Dedicated
Channels Channels
Common Dedicated
Broadcast Traffic
Control Control
Channels Channels
Channels Channels
Common
Broadcast
Control
Channels
Channels
Broadcast Channels
FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel) – Provides the
frequency correction information used by the mobile
station.
Down link F1 B
T
S
F2
F3
2. LAI
3. Neighbor Cell BCCH Information
4. Frequency hopping used or not?
5. Type of Training sequence used
6. Max power allowed in cell
Broadcast Channels….
BCCH….
7. Paging Group
8. Max Timing advance allowed
Common Control Channels (CCCH)
PCH
Common Control Channels (CCCH)….
RACH:-
.
Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)….
SDCCH
Question
What is Timing alignment?
How BTS Inform MS about
timing alignment
GSM – RF Interface
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time
Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)….
Broadcast/Control Information
Question