Explore me!

Dear Biology Enthusiasts,

This PowerPoint presentation serves as an advance lesson for
the discussion – circulatory system. For we cant finish the topic
within the designated time.

Enjoy the animations and the simulations in the presentation

which will guide you in understanding the different
mechanisms and processes related to cardiovascular system.

Don’t forget to answer the questions at the last part of the

slides and send it to me with your name via email
(fjlovete@brc.pshs.edu.ph) or write it in ¼ sheet of paper on or
before March 8, 2019.

Thank you and have fun!

Ma’am Ferly
 Functions of the Circulatory
System

 Brings blood containing

oxygen, nutrients, and
hormones to cells
 Transports CO2 and
other wastes away
from cells
Functions Continued
 Fights infection
 Regulates body
temperature
 Helps stabilize pH and
ionic concentration of
body fluids.
Circulatory System
Components
 Heart
 Blood
 Vessels
 Arteries
 Veins
 Capillaries
 The Heart
 A muscular pump
 Moves blood through the body
 Is suspended in the pericardial sac

Aorta
 Composed of
four chambers
Superior vena Left pulmonary artery
cava  Divided into right and
Left atrium
left halves
Right pulmonary
veins Left pulmonary
veins  Made up of
Right atrium cardiac
muscle cells
Inferior vena cava
Left ventricle

Right ventricle
Pericardium
 Protective sac of
connective tissue
 Surrounds the heart

 Filled with
fluid
Myocardium
 The muscle of the heart
 Strong and thick Myocardium
(heart muscle)
 Composed of spontaneously shown in red

contracting cardiac muscle Epicardium

fibers (Outer surface
of myocardium)

Endocardium
(Inner surface of myocardium)

 Can conduct electricity

like nerves
 It’s blood supply comes
from the coronary arteries
 Structures of the Heart
Chambers
 Atria- (2) upper chambers Pulmonary valve

○ Thin walled
○ Receive blood from veins Left atrium

○ Send blood to ventricles Aortic valve

 Ventricles- (2) lower Right atrium

chambers Mitral valve

○ Thick walled
○ Receive blood from atria
Left ventricle

○ Pump blood out through Tricuspid valve

Septum
arteries
Right ventricle

 Septum
 Wall that divides heart into right and left halves
 Structures of the Heart
Valves seen from above
 Valves
Pulmonary
valve  Prevent backflow of blood
 Keep blood moving in one
direction

Pulmonary veins
Tricuspid valve

Right atrium
Mitral valve

Chordea tendinea Aortic valve

 Between the chambers

 At junctions of artery
and chamber Left atrium
Pulmonary valve
 Structures of the Heart
 Chordae tendinease
 “Heart strings”
 Cord-like tendons
 Connect papillary
muscles to tricuspid
and mitral valves
 Prevent inversion
of valve
 Papillary muscles
 Small muscles that
anchor the cords Papillary
muscle
 Structures of the Heart
brachiocephalic artery
14 right pulmonary artery
13 right pulmonary veins
15 superior vena cava
6 aortic valve
right atrium
12
11 tricuspid valve
9 right ventricle
10
inferior vena cava
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
aorta 1
left pulmonary artery 2
pulmonary trunk 17
left pulmonary veins 4
left atrium (auricle) 3
mitral valve 5
pulmonary valve 16
papillary muscle
left ventricle 7
septum 8
© 2006 Merriam-Webster, Inc.
Cardiac Cycle
 Refers to all of the events from the
beginning of one heart beat to the
beginning of the next heart beat

 When cardiac muscle contracts it

does so as a single unit, creating
a heart beat

 One heartbeat - a cardiac cycle -

consists of two parts called
systole and diastole
Cardiac Cycle
 Diastole is the  Oxygenated blood from the
period of time lungs fills the left atrium
when the heart  Deoxygenated blood from
relaxes after other parts of the body fills
contraction the right atrium.

 At the end of the

diastole, the
atria contract,
starting
the Systole
 Cardiac Cycle
The term systole is
synonymous with
contraction of a
muscle.

 Atrial systole is the  Ventricular systole

contraction of the heart is the contraction of
muscle of the left and right the muscles of the left
atria. Both atria contract at the and right ventricles,
same time, sending blood into which contract at the
the corresponding ventricle
same time.
Cardiac Cycle
 During systole
the ventricles
contract,
 forcing the blood
into the pulmonary
artery to be
re-oxygenated
in the lungs,
 and into the aorta
for systemic
distribution of
oxygenated
blood
Cardiac Cycle
 Heart Sounds
 Two normal heart  “Lub”- sound- due
sounds with each to closure of the
heart beat
atrioventricular
 described as a…..
valves (mitral and
tricuspid)

 “Dub”- sound- due

to closure of the
aortic valve and
pulmonary valve
Cardiac Cycle
 Heart Rate - count of each heart beat
 On average, a heart beats 72 times a
minute when at rest
 Usually it is calculated as number
of contractions of heart (heart beats)
in one minute and expressed as
"beats per minute" (bpm).
 The pulse is the most
straightforward way of measuring the heart rate
 Heart rate is controlled by nervous system

Hearse on an
emergency
Cardiac Cycle
 Sympathetic division
increases heart rate
 Parasympathetic division
decreases heart rate
 Heart rate increases
when more food and
oxygen are needed by the
cells, or when under stress

 Resting heart rate can be

significantly lower in athletes
Cardiac Cycle

An electrocardiogram abbreviated as EKG

or ECG is a test that measures the electrical
activity of the heartbeat or one cardiac cycle.
Normal ECG
P wave – represents
depolarization of the atrial walls,
which precedes atrial systole

QRS complex –
set of waves results from the
more or less concurrent
ventriculae depolarization
(preceeding ventricular systole)
and atrial repolarization
(signaling the onset of atrial
diastole)

T wave – represents
ventricular repolarization, which
precedes ventricular diastole
Cardiac Conduction System
 Why don’t the atria
and ventricles
contract at the same
time?
 Inefficient….
Blood would not be
moved
in one direction,
some would flow
backwards
Cardiac Conduction System
 Includes:
 SA node
 AV node
 Bundle of His
 Purkinje fibers

Purkinje fibers
Cardiac Conduction System
 Sinoatrial Node (SA
node)
 Located high on the right
atrium.
 Pacemaker of the heart.
 Causes the wave of
contractions
in the atria.

 Sending
blood
into the
ventricles
Cardiac Conduction System
 Atrioventricular Node (AV node)
 Located in the interatrial septum close to
the tricuspid valve
 Carries the electrical impulse
from the SA node to fiber
bundles in the ventricles.
 This causes the ventricles to
contract
 The location of nerve
fiber bundles cause
the ventricles to
contract from the
apex (bottom) up
squeezing blood up
and out
Pathway of Circulation
 Oxygen-poor blood draining
from the body through veins
into the superior and inferior
vena cava flows to the right
atrium, through the tricuspid
valve, and into the right
ventricle.
 As the right ventricle
contracts, oxygen-poor
blood passes through the
pulmonary valve into the
pulmonary arteries and on to
the lungs to receive oxygen.
Pathway of Circulation
 Oxygen-rich blood from
the lungs enters the heart
through the pulmonary
veins, passing into the left
atrium.
 Then through the mitral
valve to the left ventricle.
Contraction of the left
ventricle forces blood
through the aortic valve
into the aorta.
 Various arteries branch off
from the aorta to supply
blood to all parts of the
body.
 Pathway of Circulation
Blood pumped out of
heart into arteries,
which branch into
smaller and smaller
 Arteries branch into
Nutrients pass into tissues
Waste products filter back
vessels until blood flows
into capillaries smaller and smaller
Blood returns to the
heart through the veins
vessels (arterioles)
 They eventually
Heart become capillaries,
which supply blood
to all body parts
Capillary

 Capillaries merge
Capillary
network
into (venuoles)
which join into veins
and carry blood
back to the heart.
Pathway of Circulation
Pathway of Circulation
14 16

14
1 15
7
13
6
6
8
9
5 12 10
2
3
11

4
1
It takes about 1 min. for blood
to make 1 complete cycle
And so on…
Cardiovascular
Circuits
Pulmonary Circuit
Lung

Pulmonary
artery Pulmonary
vein

Right
atrium Left
atrium

Vena Aorta
cava

Right
ventricle
Left
ventricle

Systemic Circuit
oxygen-poor blood
oxygen-rich blood
Pulmonary Circulation
 Takes place on the right side of the heart.
 Pumps
blood
low in
oxygen
to the
lungs
to pick up
oxygen and
return to heart
 Systemic Circulation
 Takes place on left side of heart
 Oxygenated blood is pumped to
the body
cells thru
the aorta
and other
arteries
 Blood low
in oxygen
returns to
the heart
Path of blood in the
body

29-35
 Coronary Circulation
 The coronary circulation consists of the
blood vessels that supply blood to, and
remove blood from the heart muscle itself.

 Although blood
fills the chambers
of the heart, the
muscle tissue of
the heart is so
thick that it
requires coronary
blood vessels to
deliver blood deep
into the myocardium.
 Coronary Circulation

 The vessels
that supply
blood high in
oxygen to the
myocardium
are known as
coronary
arteries.
Blood Vessels
 Form a closed circuit
of tubes that carry
blood throughout the
body
 Laid end to end, the
blood vessels in an
average human body
will stretch
approximately 62,000
miles……2.5 times
around the earth
Blood Vessels
 Have characteristic
features
 Are distinguished by
size, tissue layers
and direction of blood
flow
 Blood Vessels
 Arteries
 Receive blood from
ventricles
 Take blood away
from the heart
 Usually carry
oxygenated blood
 Thickest vessel walls
 Withstand greater blood pressure
 Are very elastic
 Connect to capillaries
 Aorta is the largest artery
Blood Vessels
 Veins
 Transport blood away from capillaries
 Carry blood
toward heart
 Take blood to atria
 Have valves
 Thinner vessel
walls with less
smooth muscles
than arteries
 Can stretch a great deal
 Have larger diameters
 Usually carry de-oxygenated blood
 Vena cava is the largest vein
Blood Vessels
 The contraction of muscles compressing
veins helps push blood up through the leg
veins back to the heart. The valves allow the
blood to flow towards the heart only.
Calf muscle Calf muscle
relaxed contracts

Muscle
squeezes veins

Veins constrict;
blood moves;
valves open

Valves Valves Veins dialated;

OPEN CLOSED blood still;
valves closed
 Blood Vessels
 Capillaries
 Smallest of blood vessels
 Only one cell thick (epithelial cell)
 Connect arteries to veins
 Bring oxygen
and nutrients
to cells
 Removes
CO2, urea,
and other wastes from cells
 Where blood is under low pressure and
moving slowly
Blood Vessels
 A network of capillaries
runs close to the cells in
every part of the body.
 The capillaries have very
thin walls which allow
nutrients to diffuse
through the tissues and to
filter waste products back
into the capillaries.
Capillaries Arteriole Venule

Artery capillaries Vein

Tissue cells
Anatomy of Capillary bed
Capillary exchange

29-46
CB
OL
MO
PO
AD
R
I V
SE
OS
NS
E
OL
FS
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure refers to the force
exerted by circulating blood on the
walls of blood vessels

The pressure of the circulating blood decreases

as blood moves through arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, venules, and veins
Blood Pressure
 Blood pressure is most commonly
measured via a sphygmomanometer
(blood pressure cuff)
 It uses the height of a column of
mercury to reflect the circulating
pressure

 Average blood
pressure for
an adult is 120/80
Blood Pressure
Systolic pressure is defined as
the maximum pressure in the
arteries exerted during ventricular
contraction (which occurs near
the beginning of the cardiac
cycle)
Diastolic pressure is the
minimum pressure exerted when
ventricles relax and fill (at the
resting phase or end of the
cardiac cycle)
Blood pressure readings = S/D
 Blood Pressure
 Pressure waves move through
the blood vessels
 A person's pulse is the throbbing
of their arteries as an effect of
the pressure waves (heart beat)
 Pulse is used to denote the frequency of the heart
beat
 It can be felt at neck, wrist, and other
places
 Pulse is usually measured in beats
per minute.
 In most people, the pulse is an
accurate measure of heart rate.
 Blood Pressure
and
 Vasoconstriction is narrowing of a blood vessel.
 When a blood vessel constricts, the flow of
blood is restricted or slowed.
 Blood pressure will increase
 Vasodilation is where blood vessels in the
body become wider
following relaxation
of smooth muscle
in vessel wall. This
will reduce blood
pressure - since
there is more room
for the blood.
 Blood
 Thelife stream of the body, affecting
every cell and
system we have.

 The blood is an
accumulation of
many different
elements, each
working in a
specific way to
keep us alive.
Blood
 A circulating
connective
tissue
consisting of
several types
of cells
suspended in
a fluid
medium
known as
plasma.
 Blood
 Functions of blood:
 Supply oxygen to tissues
 Supply nutrients such as glucose, amino acids
and fatty acids to tissues

 Removal of wastes such as CO2 ,

urea and lactic acid from tissues

 Immunological functions:
including circulation of white
cells, and detection of foreign
material by antibodies
 Blood
 Functions of blood continued:
 Messenger functions, including transport of
hormones and signaling of tissue
 Coagulation,
part of body's
self-repair
mechanism
 Regulation of
core body temperature
 Regulation of body pH and ion concentrations
 Blood
 What percent of your body is blood? 8%
 How much blood do we contain?
 On average 4-6 liters
 We contain about a pint of
blood for every 15 pounds
of body weight
 Composition of Blood:
 What percent of your blood is
cellular? 45%
 What percent of your blood is
plasma?
55%
 Blood
 What is plasma?
 A clear, straw
colored fluid
 What percent
Plasma
(55% of whole blood)
of plasma is
water? 90%
Buffy coat leukocytes  What’s in plasma?
and platelets
(<1% of whole blood)
Formed  Dissolved gasses
elements
 Vitamins
Erythrocytes
(45% of whole blood)  Minerals
 Enzymes
 Salts
 Hormones
 Nutrients  Waste products
 Plasma proteins
Layering of blood components in a centrifuged blood sample
 Blood
 The cellular components are:
 red blood cells
(erythrocytes)
 white blood cells
(leukocytes)
 platelets
(thrombocytes)
 Blood cells are
formed in bone
marrow
 Blood
B
L F
O O
O R
D M
A
C T
E I
L O
L N
 Blood
 Red Blood Cell Characteristics
 (RBC)- Erythrocyte
 Biconcave disks
 No nucleus
 Contain the iron based pigment
hemoglobin
which binds with oxygen to transport it
 Life span about 120 days
 5 billion/1mL of blood = most numerous
 Are very small
Blood
 To the right is a Wright's
stained peripheral blood
smear under 1000 X
magnification.

 The average size of a red

blood cell is 7.2
micrometers in diameter.

 To the right is an artist's

drawing showing the
biconcave shape of the
red blood cell.
 Blood
How RBC’s transport
oxygen....Hemoglobin
.…the iron containing
pigment

Hemoglobin makes
red blood cells red
 Blood
 White Blood Cell Characteristics
 (WBC)- Leukocyte
 No definite shape
 Have nucleus
 Protect body against infection
 Life span varies (3 days-a few months)

 7,000/1mL of blood
 Numbers increase if
infection is present
 Larger than RBC’s
 Blood
 Types of white blood
cells:
 Monocytes are the
largest
 Neutrophils are the
most numerous
 Lymphocytes are
produced by the
lymph tissue
 Basophils release
histamines
 Blood
 Types of white blood cells:
The role of a macrophage When a cell undergoes
is to phagocytize (engulf apoptosis, programmed cell
and then digest) cellular death, white blood cells
debris and pathogens. called macrophages
consume cell debris.
 Blood
 Platelet Characteristics:
 Thrombocyte
 RBC fragments
 Irregularly shaped
 No nucleus
 150,000-400,000/1mL
 Life span about 7-11 days
 Have a sticky surface
 Responsible for blood
clotting (injury healing)
 Blood
 This is an actual picture of White Blood Cells,
in with some red blood cells. The platelets are
stained purple,
a T-Lymphocyte
white cell is
stained green,
and a Monocyte
white cell is
stained gold as
seen through a
scanning
electron
microscope.
Blood
 Red blood cells and
platelets are the
most numerous.
 Of the leukocytes,
neutrophils are the
most numerous
 Lymphocytes are the
predominant cell
type responsible for
immune responses.
Blood Clotting
 Steps in Blood Clotting:
 platelets clump Let’s simplify
this shall we?
 platelets release thromboblastin
 thromboblastin
produces thrombin
 thrombin converts
fibrinogen into fibrin
 fibrin causes a clot

Fibrin
Blood Clotting
 Blood vessel is injured.
 Platelets clump at the
site and produce a
substance that produces
strands
of fibrin.
 Fibrin strands help
to clog the opening
or hole in the vessel.
Blood Clotting
Needed to
stop
bleeding
(hemorrhage)
 Blood Types
 ABO Blood Groups:
 Red blood cell membranes may
contain antigens – a substance
that triggers an immune response
in blood that does not contain the
same antigen.
 Blood plasma may contain antibodies,
specialized proteins that bind to
non-self antigens to destroy them.

 It is important to prevent the mixing

of red cells that contain an antigen with plasma
that contains the corresponding antibody.
 Blood Types

Antigens
 Blood Types
Anti- Donate Receive
Type Antigen Body To From
A A Anti - B A or AB A or O

B B Anti - A B or AB B or O
Universal
AB A+B Neither AB AB,A,B,O
Receiver

Universal
O None Both O,A,B,AB
Donor O
Blood Types
Blood Types
Blood Transfusion
 The process of
transferring blood or
blood-based products
from one person into the
circulatory system of
another
 For blood loss due to
trauma, surgery, or
severe anemia
 Can be life-saving
 Blood Types
What Happens When Mixing Wrong Blood Type?
 Antibodies in blood will attack the foreign blood.
 They will cause the blood cells to clump…. agglutination.
 Will stop the
blood from
moving.
 Circulatory
system
shuts down
No agglutination occurs when the donor and recipient have the same type blood

29-79
Agglutination occurs because blood type B has anti-A antibodies in the
plasma

29-80
Blood Types: Rh Factor
 An additional antigen found on the surface
of red blood cells.
 Rh + Means that the person carries the
antigen.
 Rh - Means that
the person
DOES NOT
carry the
antigen.
 Blood Types: Rh Factor
Percentage of the Population With Each Blood Type
The Rh, or
Rh+ Rh- rhesus,
factor was
O 38.5% 6.5% discovered in
1940 when
testing blood
A 34.3% 5.7% with a rhesus monkey.
The Rh system was
B 8.6% 1.4% named after rhesus monkeys,
since they were initially used in
AB 4.3% 0.7% the research to make the
antiserum for typing blood
samples.
 Blood Types: Rh Factor

Rh-negative Cells from Woman In the next

Woman with Rh-positive becomes Rh-positive
Rh-positive fetus enter sensitized- pregnancy,
fetus woman’s antibodies maternal
bloodstream ( + ) from antibodies
to fight attack fetal
Rh-negative
Rh-positive red blood
Woman and
blood cells cells
Rh-positive man
conceive a child
 Circulatory System Disorders
Heart Disease
 Risk factors Quitting smoking, a healthy diet and exercise may
 Older age reduce your risk of heart disease

 Male gender
 Cigarette smoking Plaque in
coronary
 High cholesterol artery

 Diabetes
 Stress
 Obesity
 Heredity
 Physical inactivity
 High blood pressure
Circulatory System Disorders
Atherosclerosis
 Starts with damage or injury to the inner layer of an
artery
 Fatty deposits called plaque
build up in the arteries
 This causes:
 Blockage
in artery
 Less
flexible
vessels
 High
Blood
Pressure
Plaque buildup in a coronary artery

29-86
Circulatory System Disorders
Hypertension
 High Blood Pressure
Makes the heart
and blood
vessels work
harder

Increases the
chance of heart
disease, heart
attack or stroke
 Circulatory System Disorders
Heart Attack
 acute myocardial infarction
 Interruption of oxygen
supply to the heart
 Causes death of
the heart muscle
 Leading cause of
death in both men Coronary Blockage
and women
Circulatory System Disorders
Heart Attack
 Symptoms
 Chest pain
 Squeezing or heavy pressure
on chest
 Pain that radiates down left
shoulder and arm
 Shortness of breath
 Nausea or vomiting
 Anxiety or Fainting
 Lightheadedness - dizziness
 Palpitations (feeling like your
heart is beating too fast)
 Sweating, which may be
extreme
Circulatory System Disorders
Stroke
 Interruption of oxygen supply to the brain
 Caused by:
 A clot in an artery
in the brain
 Breakage of an
artery in the brain
 Causes brain cells
to be deprived
of oxygen and die
 Hemorrhagic stroke Thrombotic stroke
blood vessel ruptures blood clot in
cerebral artery
Circulatory System Disorders
Thrombosis/Embolism
 Thrombosis is the formation of
a clot (thrombus) inside a blood
vessel, obstructing the flow of
blood
 Embolism occurs
when an object
(usually a blood
clot) migrates
from one part
of the body
(through
circulation)
and causes a blockage (occlusion) of
a blood vessel in another part of the body
Circulatory System Disorders
Hemorrhage
 Hemorrhage is the medical term
for bleeding - the loss of blood
from the body
 Hemorrhage generally becomes
dangerous, or even fatal, when
it causes hypovolemia (low blood volume)
or hypotension (low blood pressure).
Gingival Hemorrhage
 Hematoma- a collection
of blood due to internal
bleeding
(burse)
Circulatory System Disorders
Hem philia
 A rare inherited bleeding disorder in which
the blood does not clot normally
 The person is missing or has low levels of certain
proteins in the blood called clotting factors
 Usually occurs only in males
 They suffer prolonged bleeding
even with minor injuries
 Bleeding can occur internally,
in joints and muscles,
which causes
swelling and pain
Swelling in left knee joint
due to spontaneous bleeding
Circulatory System Disorders
Anemia
 A condition where there is an abnormally low
number of red blood cells circulating in the body or
when the blood does not have enough hemoglobin
 The body's tissues are being starved of oxygen
 Most common disorder of the red blood cells,
affecting (~) 3.5 million
Americans
 There are different
kinds of anemia
 Iron Deficiency
 Vitamin Deficiency
 Hemolytic Anemias
 Sickle Cell Anemia
Circulatory System Disorders
Anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
 A person with anemia
will feel tired, weak,
breathless, and dizzy
 They may have a pale
complexion, increased heart
rate, low blood pressure, and
difficulty concentrating
 The severity of the symptoms
is related to the severity of
anemia
Circulatory System Disorders
Sickle Cell Disease
 Sickle cell trait- The person is
carrying the defective gene, but
also has some normal
hemoglobin

 Sickle cell anemia-

The person has
most or all of the
normal hemoglobin
replaced with the
sickle hemoglobin
Circulatory System Disorders
Valve Disorders
 Valvular Regurgitation  Valvular stenosis
 A condition in which
there is a narrowing,
stiffening, thickening,
fusion or
blockage of
one or more
valves of
the heart.
Circulatory System Disorders
Heart Murmur
 A whooshing sound between the heart beats
 The whoosh is an extra noise that blood makes as it
flows through any of the heart's chambers or valves or
even through a hole within the heart
 More than half of all children have a heart murmur at
some time in their lives and most of these don't mean
anything is wrong
Problems Problems
Normal Heart Valve Opening Closing

Opened Closed
Circulatory System Disorders
Heart Murmur
 Innocent heart murmurs can occur
when blood flows more rapidly through the
heart - such as during physical activity or
exercise, pregnancy, fever, anemia, from
aging or even heart surgery
 Over time, innocent heart murmurs may
disappear
 Abnormal heart murmurs are caused
by structural defects in the heart….
congenital heart defects, valve
abnormalities, or holes in the heart
 Some abnormal defects can be treated
with medicines while others require
surgical repair
Circulatory System Disorders
Aneurysm
 Localized, blood-filled dilation
(bulge) of a blood vessel caused by
disease or weakening of the vessel
wall
 Most commonly occur in arteries at the
base of
the brain and
in the aorta
 Can burst and
lead to death
at any time
Blood Vessel Microscope Slide
Test yourself…
Name: _________________________ Section: ________
Multiple Choice: Highlight or underline your answers and send this
“test yourself” to my email. Thanks.
1. A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on
its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. From
this point in the artery, how many capillary beds must
this red blood cell pass through before it returns to the
left ventricle of the heart?
 A) one
 B) two
 C) three
 D) four
 E) five
Test yourself…
2. Chambers or vessels that carry oxygenated blood
include which of the following?
 A) 1 and 2 only
 B) 3 and 4 only
 C) 5 and 6 only
 D) 1, 2, and 4
 E) 3, 5, and 6
3. Blood is carried directly to the lungs from which of the
following?
 A) 2
 B) 3
 C) 4
 D) 5
 E) 6
Test yourself…
4. What is the correct sequence of blood flow, beginning at the
pulmonary artery?
 A) 2-1-4-systemic circulation-3-5-6
 B) 3-5-6-systemic circulation-2-1-4
 C) 4-5-6-3-systemic circulation-2-1
 D) 4-systemic circulation-2-1-6-3-5
 E) 5-6-3-2-1-4

5. Which sequence of blood flow can be observed in either a reptile or

a mammal?
 A) left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation
 B) right ventricle → pulmonary vein → pulmocutaneous circulation
 C) pulmonary vein → left atrium → ventricle → pulmonary circuit
 D) vena cava → right atrium → ventricle → pulmonary circuit
 E) right atrium → pulmonary artery → left atrium → ventricle
Test yourself…
6. Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans
 A) is a major contributor to heart attacks.
 B) would block conductance between the bundle branches and the
Purkinje fibers.
 C) would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance.
 D) would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions.
 E) would have an effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta.

7. If the atrioventricular node could be surgically removed from the

heart without disrupting signal transmission to the Purkinje fibers,
what would be the effect?
 A) No apparent effect on heart activity would be observed.
 B) The heart rate would be decreased.
 C) Only the ventricles would contract.
 D) Only the atria would contract.
 E) Atria and ventricles would contract at about the same time.
Test yourself…
8. A nonfunctional sinoatrial node would _________.
 A) have no adverse effects on heart contraction.
 B) cause the heart to stop beating in an autorhythmic fashion.
 C) result in a block in ventricular contractions.
 D) cause no effects because hormones will take over regulation of the
heart beat.
 E) have no significant effect on stroke volume.

9. Why is the velocity of blood flow the lowest in capillaries?

 A) The capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with
the cells.
 B) Capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from
the heart increases.
 C) The diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries
at a high flow rate.
 D) The systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a
lower cardiac output than the right ventricle.
 E) The total surface area of the capillaries is larger than the total surface
area of the arterioles.
Test yourself…
9. A nonfunctional sinoatrial node would
 A) have no adverse effects on heart contraction.
 B) cause the heart to stop beating in an autorhythmic fashion.
 C) result in a block in ventricular contractions.
 D) cause no effects because hormones will take over regulation of the
heart beat.
 E) have no significant effect on stroke volume.

10. Why is the velocity of blood flow the lowest in capillaries?

 A) The capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with
the cells.
 B) Capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from
the heart increases.
 C) The diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries
at a high flow rate.
 D) The systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a
lower cardiac output than the right ventricle.
 E) The total surface area of the capillaries is larger than the total surface
area of the arterioles.
Test yourself…
11. Which of the following is correct for a blood pressure reading of 130/80?
I. The systolic pressure is 130.
II. The diastolic pressure is 80.
III. The blood pressure during heart contraction is 80.
 A) I only
 B) III only
 C) I and II only
 D) II and III only
 E) I, II, and III

12. Human plasma proteins include which of the following?

I. fibrinogen
II. hemoglobin
III. immunoglobulin
 A) I only
 B) II only
 C) I and III only
 D) II and III only
 E) I, II, and III
Test yourself…
13. Which of the following is not a function of plasma proteins in humans?
 A) maintenance of blood osmotic pressure
 B) transport of water-insoluble lipids
 C) blood clotting
 D) immune responses
 E) oxygen transport

14. The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot consists mostly of which protein?
 A) fibrinogen
 B) fibrin
 C) thrombin
 D) prothrombin
 E) collagen

15. Which of the following is not a normal event in the process of blood clotting?
 A) production of erythropoietin
 B) conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
 C) activation of prothrombin to thrombin
 D) adhesion of platelets
 E) clotting factor release by clumped platelets
Test yourself…
16 – 18. Match the following phrases to the conditions.
Each condition may be used once, more than once, or
not at all.

 A. atherosclerosis
 B. arteriosclerosis
 C. hypertension
 D. heart murmur
 E. cardiovascular thrombus

16. high blood pressure

17. defect in one or more of the valves of the heart
18. defect in one or more of the valves of the heart
Test yourself…
19. For this capillary bed, which of the following statements is correct?
 A) The pH is lower on the arterial side than on the venous side.
 B) Oxygen is taken up by the erythrocytes within the capillaries.
 C) The osmotic pressure remains constant due to carbon dioxide compensation.
 D) The hydrostatic pressure declines from the arterial side to the venous side because oxygen is
lost.
 E) Fluids will leave the capillaries on the arterial side of the bed and re-enter on the venous side.

20. Which of the following is false concerning the hemoglobin molecule?

 A) It contains amino acids.
 B) It contains iron.
 C) It is composed of four polypeptide chains.
 D) It can bind four O2 molecules.
 E) It is found in humans only.

21. Which of the following is a characteristic of both hemoglobin and hemocyanin?

 A) found within blood cells
 B) red in color
 C) contains the element iron as an oxygen-binding component
 D) transports oxygen
 E) occurs in mammals
Test yourself…
22. From the pulmonary veins, blood flow to the
 A) right atrium.
 B) left atrium.
 C) aorta.
 D) capillaries of the lungs.
 E) posterior vena cava.

23. From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the
 A) right atrium.
 B) left atrium.
 C) aorta.
 D) capillaries of the lungs.
 E) posterior vena cava.

24. Blood pressure is highest in the

 A) aorta.
 B) posterior vena cava.
 C) anterior vena cava.
 D) pulmonary artery.
 E) capillaries.
Test yourself…
25. Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein will drain first into the
 A) vena cava.
 B) left atrium.
 C) right atrium.
 D) left ventricle.
 E) right ventricle.

26. Pulse is a direct measure of

 A) blood pressure.
 B) stroke volume.
 C) cardiac output.
 D) heart rate.
 E) breathing rate.

27. The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

 A) occurs when fibrinogen is released from broken platelets.
 B) occurs within red blood cells.
 C) is linked to hypertension and may damage artery walls.
 D) is likely to occur too often in an individual with hemophilia.
 E) is the final step of a clotting process that involves multiple clotting factors.