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CARPI TECH 2
AGING AND DETERIORATION
With the exception of old tunnels excavated in rocks,
new tunnels and shafts are commonly lined with
steel, reinforced or un-reinforced concrete, and
shotcrete.
Construction of steel and concrete linings may be
expensive and time consuming, and it can be difficult
in remote areas with difficult access.
Over time, especially in presence of geological issues,
concrete and steel linings may deteriorate and water
may leak through fissures, cracks, failing joints, and
increased permeability of the concrete.
7/3/2018 CARPI TECH 3
DAMAGE AND LEAKAGE
Geomembrane
Structural lining
Concrete Ballast/protection
Concrete
CONCRETE
A correct combination of
tensile strength and strain is
paramount to ensure
adequate behavior.
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INSTALLATION OF GEONET
INSTALACION EN T UNEL
GEOCOMPOSITE INSTALLATION
INSTALACION POZO VERTICAL
TUNNEL COMPLETED
TUNNEL COMPLETED
SHAFT COMPLETED
HELMS PENSTOCK ACCESS TUNNEL
•Country: United States (California)
•Tunnel diameter : 25 feet
•Hydraulic head: 1,900 feet static - >2,500 feet dynamic
•Speed of water: 16 ft/sec ~ 3 times the pressure of any other
installation worldwide
•Type of face: concrete
•Geocomposite installation - 2017
•Surface of geomembrane installation: 20,279 sq. feet
•Installation time: 1.5 months
Helms PAT Geomembrane Design Criteria
Spacing around tunnel circumference between profiles dictated
by geomembrane failure
– Very conservative criteria
– Dictated that the closest profile spacing was on the bottom where water could
build up and burst geomembrane
– At crown – profiles spaced closer together to insure geomembrane was
tensioned and could not sag
Drainage capacity was defined as 60 gpm
– Essentially 1 drain valve could discharge this amount of water- 9 were installed
– ~ 1 foot of free space longitudinally between profiles for drainage
4 states of tunnel operations analyzed – defined valve functions
– Regular operations – 99.999+% of time – want valves closed
– Dewatered/ tunnel empty – a few weeks / decade – if valves fail then
geomembrane fails but easily repaired
– Dewatering – few days / decade - if valves fail then geomembrane fails but easily
repaired
– Rewatering – few days / decade – Critical – the drains must work to insure the
geomembrane system integrity into regular operations
Installation Area 2017
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Testing at former US Navy lab for Deep Submergence Vehicles
to 800+ meters
Drain valve and drain plate testing
(withstands pressure and flows at gpm)
Wood mock-ups of the tunnel circumference were made for
the crew to practice and prevent wrinkles developing at
tapered end pieces
EXPLANATION IN-SITU STRESSES
Stress Tot-..1 750' Water Effective
ezometersandweirs - Rectanglesdenote (psi) (poi) (psi)
•proximate plan locatkln of pressure ood flow
easuretm:ntsi color Indicates relativepressure
1d flow trends: CTt 1500 300 1200
(CTHMAX)
lue• Decreasing trend. CTl 750 300 450
(O'HMIO)
reen • Steady trend. cr> (crv) 1200 300 900
nmge · Sporadic.
l! d • Increasing trend.
by H•.klhnHovland (1976); PG&EDrawin g No. 457782 ReV. 7 [24 January 1983]; and Moiler et al. (1981)
rone(moderatejhiohl
0 80 160 320
lass, _
rout zone
-e tunnel
FEET
Tensioning and anchoring lower part of profiles being
installed
Chemical anchors and stainless
steel rods
Geocomposite
installation
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Water seepage - before ~500 gpm after ~5 gpm
को ट � स एटे शन को लाि ग
ध�वाद
Operation and maintenance of Hyrdo tunnels
13 December 2018
Kathmandu, Nepal
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