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Heredity: Inheritance And
Variation
(Information stored in DNA as being
used to make proteins)
CHROMATIN: DNA PACKAGING

GENES- the fundamental unit of

heredity
Heredity is the process by which the
physical and mental characteristics of
parents are transferred to their offspring.
The genome is the sum of all hereditary
material contained in a cell.
A gene is a segment of the DNA chain that
controls the formation of a molecule of
RNA.
The X(right)
and Y(left)
chromosomes
The two types of NUCLEIC ACIDS that carry the hereditary
process:
1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)- DNA contains the
hereditary information and directs reproduction of itself and
the synthesis of RNA.

2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)- diffuse out of the cell nucleus

and carry out the critical task of protein synthesis in
ribosomes located in the cytoplasm
 S S S
P t e t
r r c r o
i u o u f
m c n c D
a t d t N
r u a u A
y r r r
e y e
The process of
making copies of
DNA is called
replication. When
DNA replicates, two
identical copies of
DNA molecules are
produced, which
are exactly the
same as the
original.
0F MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
 DNA
REPLICATION
 Dna replication enzymes
Role
Helicase Unwinds the double helix

Primase Synthesizes RNA primers

Single-strand binding protein Stabilizes single-stranded

regions
DNA polymerase III Synthesizes the DNA

DNA polymerase I Erases the primer and fills

gaps
DNA Ligase Joins the ends of DNA
segments; DNA repair
In a semiconservative
model, one strand of
the parental duplex
remains intact in
daughter strands
(semiconserved); a
new complementary
strand is built for each
parental strand
consisting of new
molecules
Classes of
RNA
Molecules
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
carries the genetic information for a protein from
the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes.
It is a complementary RNA copy of a gene on the
DNA.
The message is in the form of TRIPLETS OF BASES
specifying AMINO ACIDS or PUNCTUATIONS called
CODONS.
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
 translates the genetic code of the mRNA
into the primary sequence of amino acids in
the protein.
It brings amino acids to the site of protein
synthesis for assembly into a protein.
3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
is a structural and functional
component of the ribosomes.
about 60–65% protein to 30–35% rRNA
Transcription
 KEY POINTS:
Transcription is the process in which a gene's DNA sequence is
copied (transcribed) to make an RNA molecule.
RNA polymerase is the main transcription enzyme.
Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to a
promoter sequence near the beginning of a gene (directly or
through helper proteins).
RNA polymerase uses one of the DNA strands (the template
strand) as a template to make a new, complementary RNA
molecule.
Transcription ends in a process called termination. Termination
depends on sequences in the RNA, which signal that the
transcript is finished.
Step 1: Initiation
To begin transcribing a gene, RNA polymerase binds to the DNA
of the gene at a region called the promoter.
Step 2: Elongation
 Basically, elongation is the stage when the RNA strand
gets longer because of the addition of new nucleotides.
 Step 3: Termination
 The process of ending transcription is called termination, and it
happens once the polymerase transcribes a sequence of DNA
known as a terminator.
 In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II transcribes the
polyadenylation signal sequence on DNA, which specifies a
polyadenylation signal (AAUAAA) in the pre-mRNA. This is
called a "signal" because once this stretch of six RNA
nucleotides appears, it is immediately bound by certain
proteins in the nucleus.
 Then, at a point about 10-35 nucleotides downstream from the
AAUAA, these proteins cut it free from the polymerase,
releasing the mRNA.
TRANSLATION
 TRANSLATION

The process of converting the information in a

sequence of nitrogenous bases in mRNA into a
sequence of amino acids that make a protein
The process of “protein synthesis”.
 It involves translating the genetic information
from the sequence of nucleotides into the
sequence of amino acids in the primary structure
of a protein.
GENETIC
CODE
o The sequence of nucleotides in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA) that determines the amino acid sequence
of proteins.
o RNA is composed of four nucleotides: adenine (A), guanine (G),
cytosine (C), and uracil (U). Three adjacent nucleotides constitute a
unit known as the codon, which codes for an amino acid. For
example, the sequence AUG is a codon that specifies the amino
acid methionine. There are 64 possible codons, three of which do
not code for amino acids but indicate the end of a protein. The
remaining 61 codons specify the 20 amino acids that make up
proteins. The AUG codon, in addition to coding for methionine, is
found at the beginning of every mRNA and indicates the start of a
protein. Because most of the 20 amino acids are coded for by more
than one codon, the code is called degenerate.
One of the 64 codons (AUG) code simultaneously for
methionine, Met, as well as for the initiation of synthesis.
 Three of the codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) code for the
termination of polypeptide synthesis.
A codon sequence is always written in the 5’ → 3’ direction.
The genetic code is universal; it applies to all organisms, plant
and animal alike. The codon UUU specifies phenylalanine in a
yeast, mushroom or human cell.
GENETIC CODE: CODON ASSIGNMENT
Amino Acid Names:

● Phe-Phenylalanine ● Gln- Glutamine

● Leu- Leucine ● Asn- Asparagine
● Ile- Isoleucine ● Lys- Lysine
● Met- Methionine ● Asp- Aspartic Acid
● Val- Valine ● Glu- Glutamic Acid
● Ser- Serine ● Cys- Cysteine
● Pro- Proline ● Arg- Arginine
● Thr- Threonine ● Trp- Tryptophan
● His- Histidine ● Gly- Glysine
● Tyr- Tyrosine ● Ala- Alanine
AAU CUU UAU GUU

UUA GAA AUA CAA

Leucine Glutamic Isoleucine Glutamine

Acid
 SUMMARY
• Heredity is the process by which the physical and mental
characteristics of parents are transferred to their offspring.
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is the genetic material of
organisms. A DNA is a double helix molecule composed of
two complementary strands of deoxyribonucleotides units. •
• The complementary base pairs of the DNA are held by
hydrogen bonds.
• The central dogma of the transfer of genetic information
states that the sequence involved in the expression of
hereditary characteristics is from DNA to RNA to proteins.
• Genes are segments of DNA that may code for RNA or
 SUMMARY
• Most sequences of three bases in the DNA of a gene code
for a single amino acid in a protein.
• Transcription is the process by which the information in a
strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger
RNA (mRNA).
• There are three major types of RNA in the cell and their
functions:
1) The mRNA carries the information from DNA to the
ribosomes.
2) The tRNA translates the genetic message carried by the
mRNA through protein synthesis.
 SUMMARY
3.) The rRNA forms the structural component of the ribosome.
• Ribosomal RNA serves as the site for attachment of mRNA and tRNA
and for protein synthesis
• Translation is a process which determines the order of bases in
mRNA of amino acids into a protein. It occurs in a ribosome in the
cytoplasm.
• The Genetic Code is the sequence of nucleotides in
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that
determines the amino acid sequence of proteins.
EVALUATION
(1/2 crosswise paper)
• Knowledge
1. The process of converting the information in a sequence of nitrogenous bases in
mRNA into a sequence of amino acids that make a protein is known as ________.
2. – 3. Heredity is the process by which the _______ and ______ characteristics of
parents are transferred to their offspring.
4. A codon sequence is always written in the ________ direction.
5. The process of making copies of DNA is called ___________.
 Process (complete the diagram; 5 points each)
Write the central dogma or the flow of genetic information. (In sequence)
 Understanding (Essay)
 What is the importance of understanding the Heredity: Inheritance and
Variation?