Internet Architecture

Network Software
Performance Metrics
PREPARED BY NISHA SOMS
INTERNET ARCHITECTURE (also called as TCP/IP Protocol suite)
• TCP/IP - defines set of rules and procedures for all
transmission exchanged across the internet. Also called as
TCP/IP Protocol suite,or Internet architecture .
• In 1969, TCP/IP originally developed as protocol for
networks wanted to be connected to ARPANET funded by
DARPA in U.S
• The Original TCP/IP protocol defines five layers; Physical
Layer, Data link Layer, Network or Internet layer, Transport
layer, Application layer.
• When TCP/IP compared to OSI, the host to network layer is
equal to combination of physical and data link layer.
• First four layers provide Physical standards, network
performance, internetworking, transport functions.
• Network Layer defines official packet format and protocol called
Internetworking protocol(IP).
• IP transports data in packets called datagram which travel in
different routes and reach the destination.
• IP provides two functionalities: 1)Fragmentation 2)Addressing
• Fragmentation-Breaking large messages into small
pieces.
• Addressing-Determine route to deliver data to destination
by using four protocols
1)Address resolution Protocols(ARP)
2)Reverse Address resolution Protocols(RARP)
3)ICMP-Internet control message protocol(ICMP)
4)IGMP-Internet Group message protocol(ICMP)
.
1)Address resolution Protocols(ARP) - finds physical address if logical
address of device is known.

2)Reverse Address resolution Protocols(RARP) - allows host to

discover its IP address when its know only Physical address.

3)ICMP-Internet control message protocol(ICMP) - Handles error and

control messages. ICMP used by hosts and gateways to send
notification of datagrams problems which reply back to sender

4)IGMP-Internet Group message protocol(ICMP) - Supports both

unicast and multicast communication which facilitate simultaneous
transmission to a group of recipient.
Transport layer is represented in TCP/IP by three protocols
Transmission control Protocol(TCP)
Reliable connection oriented protocol allows segments from one
machine to delivered without any error.Each segments includes a
sequence number for reordering after reciept.

User datagram Protocol(UDP)

Unreliable connectionless protocol,its process to process protocol
adds only port addresses,checksum error control and length of
information to data from upper layer.

Stream Control Transmission Protocol(SCTP)

Supports for newer applications such as voice over the internet
by combining features of TCP and UDP
Application layer is equal to combined sesion, presentation and
application layer in OSI model.
Contains all higher level protocols:
• Virtual Terminal(TELNET) allows user on one machine to log on to a
distant machine.

• FTP-move data efficiently from one machine to another

• SMTP-Mainly developed for electronic mail transfer

• DNS-mapping host names onto their network address

• HTTP-Fetching pages on the WWW and many others

NETWORK SOFTWARE
• Networking software, in the most basic sense, is software that
facilitates, enhances or interacts with a computer network.

• One type of networking software allows computers to

communicate with one another, while another type of
networking software provides users access to shared programs.

• Networking software is a key component of today's computer

networks, including the Internet.

• Understanding the types of networking software is the first step

in understanding how your computer network really works.
Application Programming Interface (Sockets)

• The place to start when implementing a network

application is the interface exported by the network

• The socket interface originally provided by the Berkeley

distribution of Unix is an industry wide interface.

• The advantages of industry-wide support for a single

API are that applications can be easily ported from one
OS to another and developers can easily write
applications for multiple operating systems.
• Each protocol provides a certain set of services, and the API
provides a syntax by which those services can be invoked on a
particular computer system.

• Socket is the point where a local application process attaches to

the network.

• The interface defines operations for creating a socket, attaching

the socket to the network, sending/receiving messages through
the socket, and closing the socket.
 Network Performance

• Network performance is measured in two fundamental ways:

bandwidth (also called throughput) and latency (also called
delay).

• The bandwidth of a network is given by the number of bits that

can be transmitted over the network in a certain period of time.

• The latency, also referred as delay, is a measure of how long a

single bit takes to propagate from one end to another.

• Bandwidth and throughput are two of the most confusing terms

used in networking.

• Latency = Propagation + Transmit + Queue

• Propagation = Distance/Speed Of Light
• Transmit = Size/Bandwidth
 Network Performance
Where,
• Distance is length of wire over which data will travel
• Speed of light is effective speed of light over that wire.
• Size is the size of packet
• Bandwidth is the bandwidth at which the packet is transmitted.
• Round trip Time (RTT): Time that takes a bit of data to
propagate from one end of network to another and return back.
• No of bits=Two latency(Delay)* Bandwidth
=RTT*Bandwidth
• Throughput=Transfer Size/Transfer Time
• Transfer time=RTT+1/B*Transfer size
• Jitter refers variation in packet arrival time ,an uneven delivery
of audio or packets.