FOUNDATION OF

EDUCATION

Dr. Alejandro P. Macadatar

CBRC National Lecturer
DepEd Regional Supervisor
 Icebreaker

Brain Teasers

http://www.iQualityProcess.com
 Teaser #1

 Read out loud the text inside the triangle

below:
 More than likely you said, "A bird in the
bush," and........

 Did you see that the word THE is

repeated twice!
 Teaser #2
 What do you see?

 In black you can read the word GOOD, in white the word EVIL
(inside each black letter is a white letter).

 It's all very physiological too, because it visualizes the concept that
good can't exist without evil (or the absence of good is evil)
 Teaser #3
 Now what do you see?

 You may not see it at first, but the white spaces read the word optical,
the blue landscape reads the word illusion.

 Look again! Can you see why this painting is called an optical illusion?
 Teaser #4
 What do you see here?

 This one is quite tricky!

 The word TEACH reflects as LEARN.

 Teaser #5
 What do you see?

 You probably read the word ME in brown,

but.......

 When you look through ME you will see

YOU!
 Do you need to look again?
 Teaser #6

 ALZHEIMERS' EYE TEST

 Count every " F" in the following text:
FINISHED FILES ARE THE RE
SULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTI
FIC STUDY COMBINED WITH
THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS...
 WRONG, THERE ARE 6 -- no joke,
READ IT AGAIN !

 The reasoning behind this is on the

next slide
 Teaser #6 Reasoning
 The brain cannot process "OF".

FINISHED FILES ARE THE RE

SULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTI
FIC STUDY COMBINED WITH
THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS...

 Anyone who counts all 6 "F's" on the first

go is a genius.

 Three is normal, four is quite rare.

 Teaser #7
 O lny srmat poelpe can raed this.
 cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty
esdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The
phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid,
aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde
Uinervtisy,
 it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are,
the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be
in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you
can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm.
 Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter
by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and
I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt!
 http://www.iQualityProcess.com
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TRY
What philosophy of
education advocates that the
curriculum should only
include universal and unchanging
truths?

Perennialism
Which of the following is the aim of
our education during Commonwealth
period?

Purely nationalistic and democratic

What is ancient education system?
The education system of ancient period
has unique characteristic and qualities which
were not found in the ancient education
system of any other country in the world.
Gurukul (ashram) was a type of school
in ancient India, residential in nature, with
pupils living in proximity to the teacher (guru).
The systematic provision of learning techniques
to most children, such as literacy, has been a
development of the last 150,000 to 200,000
years, or even last 5 years in some countries.
Schools for the young have historically been
supplemented with advanced training for
priests, bureaucrats and specialists.
In Egypt fully developed hieroglyphs
were in use at Abydos as early as 3400
B.C.[3] The oldest known alphabet was
developed in central Egypt around
2000 B.C. from hieroglyphic prototype.
One hieroglyphic script was used on
stone monuments,[4]other cursive
scripts were used for writing in ink
on papyrus
In ancient Egypt, literacy was concentrated among
an educated elite of scribes. Only people from
certain backgrounds were allowed to train to
become scribes, in the service of temple,
pharaonic, and military authorities. The hieroglyph
system was always difficult to learn, but in later
centuries was purposely made even more so, as this
preserved the scribes' status. The rate of literacy in
Pharaonic Egypt during most periods from the third
to first millennium BC has been estimated at not
more than one percent,[13] or between one half of
one percent and one percent
In China, the early oracle bone script has
survived on tens of thousands of oracle
bones dating from around 1400-1200 B.C. in
the Shang Dynasty. Out of more than 2500
written characters in use in China in about 1200
BC, as many as 1400 are identifiable as the
source of later standard Chinese characters.
• In ancient India, during the Vedic
period from about 1500 BC to 600
BC, most education was based on
the Veda (hymns, formulas, and
incantations, recited or chanted by
priests of a pre-Hindu tradition) and
later Hindu texts and scriptures.
Vedic education included: proper pronunciation
and recitation of the Veda, the rules of
sacrifice, grammar and derivation,
composition, versification and meter,
understanding of secrets of nature, reasoning
including logic, the sciences, and the skills
necessary for an occupation. Some medical
knowledge existed and was taught. There is
mention in the Veda of herbal medicines for
various conditions or diseases, including fever,
cough, baldness, snake bite and others
• The Gurukul system of education
supported traditional Hindu
residential schools of learning;
typically the teacher's house or a
monastery. Education was free, but
students from well-to-do families
paid "Gurudakshina," a voluntary
contribution after the completion of
their studies
• The start of Chinese education was raised in
Yao dynasty(2188 BC to 2067 BC).In Yao
dynasty, people started to educate their
children to respect their parents, brothers
and counties.
• The first education system was created in Xia
dynasty (2076 BC to 1600 BC). During Xia
dynasty, government built schools to educate
aristocrats about rituals, literature and
archery(Important for ancient Chinese
aristocrats).
• During Shang dynasty(1600BC to
1046BC), normal people (farmers,
workers and etc) accepted rough
education. In that time, aristocrats'
children studied in government schools.
And normal people studied in private
schools. Government schools were
always built in cities and private schools
were built in rural area.
Government schools paid attention on
educating students about rituals,
literature, politic, music, arts and
archery. Private schools paid attention
on educating students how to do farm
works and handworks.
During the Zhou dynasty (1045 BC to 256
BC), there were five national schools in the
capital city, Pi Yong (an imperial school,
located in a central location) and four
other schools for the aristocrats and
nobility, including Shang Xiang. The
schools mainly taught the Six Arts: rites,
music, archery, charioteering, calligraphy,
and mathematics.
According to the Book of Rites, at
age twelve, boys learned arts
related to ritual (i.e. music and
dance) and when older, archery
and chariot driving. Girls learned
ritual, correct deportment, silk
production and weaving.
• Later, during the Qin dynasty (246–207 BC), a
hierarchy of officials was set up to provide central
control over the outlying areas of the empire. To
enter this hierarchy, both literacy and knowledge
of the increasing body of philosophy was
required: "....the content of the educational
process was designed not to engender
functionally specific skills but rather to produce
morally enlightened and cultivated generalists".
• During the Han dynasty (206 BC – 221 AD), boys
were thought ready at age seven to start learning
basic skills in reading, writing and calculation
 Greece and Rome
• In the city-states of ancient Greece,
most education was private, except in Sparta.
For example, in Athens, during the 5th and
4th century BC, aside from two years military
training, the state played little part in
schooling. Anyone could open a school and
decide the curriculum. Parents could choose
a school offering the subjects they wanted
their children to learn, at a monthly fee they
could afford
Most parents, even the poor, sent their
sons to schools for at least a few years,
and if they could afford it from around the
age of seven until fourteen, learning
gymnastics (including athletics, sport and
wrestling), music (including poetry, drama
and history) and literacy. Girls rarely
received formal education
The richest students continued
their education by studying with
sophists, from whom they could learn
subjects such as rhetoric,
mathematics, geography, natural
history, politics, and logic
Greek was the primary language of
science
The education system in the Greek city-state
of Sparta was entirely different, designed to
create warriors with complete obedience,
courage, and physical perfection. At the age of
seven, boys were taken away from their homes
to live in school dormitories or military
barracks. There they were taught sports,
endurance and fighting, and little else, with
harsh discipline. Most of the population was
illiterate.
The first schools in Ancient Rome arose by the
middle of the 4th century BC. These schools
were concerned with the basic socialization
and rudimentary education of young Roman
children. The literacy rate in the 3rd century BC
has been estimated as around one percent to
two percent. There are very few primary
sources or accounts of Roman educational
process until the 2nd century BC, during which
there was a proliferation of private schools in
Rome
Normally, both boys and girls were educated,
though not necessarily together

The educator Quintilian recognized the

importance of starting education as early as
possible, noting that "memory … not only exists
even in small children, but is specially retentive
at that age
Europe
During the Early Middle Ages,
the monasteries of
the Roman Catholic
Church were the centers of
education and literacy,
preserving the Church's
selection from Latin learning
and maintaining the art of
writing
The first medieval institutions generally
considered to be universities were established
in Italy, France, and England in the late 11th
and the 12th centuries for the study of arts,
law, medicine, and theology. These universities
evolved from much older Christian cathedral
schools and monastic schools, and it is difficult
to define the date on which they became true
universities, although the lists of studia
generalia for higher education in Europe held
by the Vatican are a useful guide.
Ireland became known as the
island of saints and scholars.
Monasteries were built all over
Ireland, and these became centres
of great learning
Cathedral schools and monasteries
remained important throughout the
Middle Ages; at the Third Lateran
Council of 1179 the Church mandated that
priests provide the opportunity of a free
education to their flocks, and the 12th and
13th century renascence known as
the Scholastic Movement was spread
through the monasteries.
Islamic World
During the 6th and 7th centuries, the Academy
of Gundishapur, originally the intellectual
center of the Sassanid empire and
subsequently a Muslim centre of learning,
offered training in medicine, philosophy,
theology and science. The faculty were versed
not only in the Zoroastrian and Persian
traditions, but in Greek and Indian learning as
well.
The University of al-Qarawiyyin located
in Fes, Morocco is the oldest existing,
continually operating and the first degree
awarding educational institution in the world
according to UNESCO and Guinness World
Records[47] and is sometimes referred to as the
oldest university
The House of Wisdom in Baghdad was a library, translation
and educational centre from the 9th to 13th centuries.
Works on astrology, mathematics, agriculture, medicine,
and philosophy were translated. Drawing
on Persian, Indian and Greek texts—including those
of Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle, Hippocrates, Euclid, Plotinus,
Galen, Sushruta, Charaka, Aryabhata and Brahmagupta—the
scholars accumulated a great collection of knowledge in the
world, and built on it through their own discoveries. The
House was an unrivalled centre for the study
of humanities and for sciences,
including mathematics, astronomy, medicine, chemistry, zool
ogy and geography. Baghdad was known as the world's
richest city and centre for intellectual development of the
time, and had a population of over a million, the largest in its
time.
The Islamic mosque school (Madrasah)
taught the Quran in Arabic and did not
at all resemble the medieval European
universities
 China
• Although there are more than 40,000 Chinese
characters in written Chinese, many are rarely
used. Studies have shown that full literacy in
the Chinese language requires a knowledge of
only between three and four thousand
characters.
• In China, three oral texts were used to teach
children by rote memorization the written
characters of their language and the basics of
Confucian thought.
The early Chinese state depended upon
literate, educated officials for operation of the
empire. In 605 AD, during the Sui dynasty, for
the first time, an examination system was
explicitly instituted for a category of local
talents
Theoretically, any male adult in China,
regardless of his wealth or social status, could
become a high-ranking government official by
passing the imperial examination, although
under some dynasties members of the
merchant class were excluded.
 India
Indigenous education was widespread in India
in the 18th century, with a school for every
temple, mosque or village in most regions of
the country. The subjects taught included
Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Theology, Law,
Astronomy, Metaphysics, Ethics, Medical
Science and Religion. The schools were
attended by students representative of all
classes of society.
 Japan
• The history of education in Japan dates back at
least to the 6th century, when Chinese learning
was introduced at the Yamato court. Foreign
civilizations have often provided new ideas for
the development of Japan's own culture.
• Chinese teachings and ideas flowed into Japan
from the sixth to the 9th century. Along with the
introduction of Buddhism came the Chinese
system of writing and its literary tradition,
and Confucianism
 After the 15th century
Modern systems of education in Europe derive
their origins from the schools of the High
Middle Ages. Most schools during this era were
founded upon religious principles with the
primary purpose of training the clergy. Many of
the earliest universities, such as the University
of Paris founded in 1160, had a Christian basis..
In addition to this, a number of secular
universities existed, such as the University of
Bologna, founded in 1088. Free education for
the poor was officially mandated by the Church
in 1179 when it decreed that every cathedral
must assign a master to teach boys too poor to
pay the regular fee; parishes and monasteries
also established free schools teaching at least
basic literary skills
With few exceptions, priests and brothers taught
locally, and their salaries were frequently subsidized
by towns. Private, independent schools reappeared
in medieval Europe during this time, but they, too,
were religious in nature and mission.[63] The
curriculum was usually based around
the trivium and to a lesser extent quadrivium (the
seven Artes Liberales or Liberal arts) and was
conducted in Latin, the lingua franca of educated
Western Europe throughout the Middle Ages and
Renaissance.
In northern Europe this clerical education
was largely superseded by forms of
elementary schooling following
the Reformation.
In Central Europe, the 17th century
scientist and educator John Amos
Comenius promulgated a reformed system
of universal education that was widely
used in Europe. Its growth resulted in
increased government interest in
education.
He proposed to educate young Russians of
both sexes in state boarding schools,
aimed at creating "a new race of men
Global Education: Synchronization
Summary:
Global synchronization raised in the Renaissance
and experienced three peaks of expansion: Colonial
Era, The World War and After The Cold War. And
global synchronization is still growing and
processing nowadays. The linguistic obstacles,
cultural dictatorship, inequality and cultural racisms
have been eliminating from 500 years ago to today.
Disappearance of those unfavorable factors has
been promoting education become more and more
globally
 The start: Renaissance
• Before the Renaissance, education is focusing on
art and ritual related with Christianity. And also
Christianity controlled education system and
decided who can accept education. During the
Renaissance, education systems was changed.
Many private schools were raised. Therefore,
more and more people accepted education and
people in Europe had opportunities to choose
what they want to study. Arts and knowledges
were spreading from the Florence to whole
Europe.
People in every corners of Europe spread their
culture and thoughts to each others. Trades
between different countries and regions raised
more frequently in Europe. During business
activities, languages, artworks and literatures
from different culture groups mixed and
influenced each others
 First peak: Colonial Era
• During the Colonial Era, Education's global
synchronization was promoted by three
reasons: business, Suzerains' policy and weak
countries' policies. Both three points make
educations in different regions to be
assimilate. For business, business men come
from suzerains rarely educated workers who
come form colonies.
For suzerains, suzerains educated people in colonies
to speak suzerains' language and accepted
suzerains' culture because suzerains want to
assimilate native people in colonies (Make suzerains
control colonies easily)(FE: What France did in its
colonies). For weak countries, they imitated
suzerains and studied how suzerain make
themselves strong because they wanted to become
strong countries and avoid fortunes which is
becoming colonies . So weak countries educate
citizens as how suzerains educated citizens and
absorb suzerains' culture.
 Second peak: World War
• During the world war, many people exiled to
other countries for avoid wars. They brings their
knowledge and culture to other countries and
reshape other countries' culture and situation. It
eliminated parts of globalizing education's
obstacles: language and culture racism.
Furthermore, refugees who studied in other
countries came back to their own countries and
spread knowledge and culture of the other
countries after the end of war. It eliminated
language obstacle and culture racism again.
 Third peak: The Cold War
• Before the Cold War, countries formed two
opposing groups. Trade and cultural
communication were rarely happened between
countries who stand in different groups. After the
Cold War, most countries join in the
globalization's system. Cultural communication
raised more frequently between countries and
each others. It has been eliminating globalizing
education's obstacles( linguistic obstacles,
inequality and cultural racisms) and make
education in every countries to be assimilated.
HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEM
Education in the Philippines evolved from early
settlers to the present. Education in the
country is in great importance because it is the
primary avenue for upward social and
economic mobility. Philippine educational
system has a very deep history from the past in
which it has undergone several stage of
development going to the present system
ofeducation.
Education from Ancient Early Filipinos
• The education of pre-Spanish time in the Philippines was
informal and unstructured. The fathers taught their sons
how to look for food and other means of livelihood. The
mothers taught their girls to do the household chores.
This education basically prepared their children to became
good husband and wives. Early Filipino ancestors valued
education very much. Filipino men and women knows
how to read and write using their own native alphabet
called alibata. The alibata was composed of17 symbols
representing the letters of the alphabet. Among these
seventeen symbols were three vowels and fourteen
consonants.
•
 Educational System During Spanish
Period
• The educational system of the Philippines during
the Spanish times was formal. The Religious
congregations paved the way in establishing
schools from the primary level to the tertiary
level of education. The schools focused on the
Christian Doctrines. There was a separate school
for boys and girls. The wealthy Filipinos or the
Ilustrados were accommodated in the schools.
Colonial education brought more non-beneficial
effects to the Filipinos.
Educational Decree 1863The first educational
system for students in the country was
established by virtue of the Education Decree
of 1863. In furtherance, the decree required
the government to provide school institutions
for boys and girls in every town. As a
consequence, the Spanish schools started
accepting Filipino students. It was during this
time when the intellectual Filipinos emerged.
The Normal School was also established which
gave men the opportunity to study a three-year
teacher education for the primary level.
Educational System During American Period

Like the Spaniards, the Americans brought

many changes in their 45 years of reign in
the country. Until now,
these American influences can still be seen
in our lifestyle or way of life. The
Commonwealth provided free education in
public schools all over the country, in
accordance with the 1935 constitution.
Education also emphasized nationalism so the
students were taught about the life of the
Filipino heroes.
Vocational education and some household
activities like sewing, cooking, and
farming were also given importance. Good
manners and discipline were also taught
to the students. The institute of Private
Education was established in order
to observe private schools. In 1941,
the total number of students studying in
the 400 private schools in the country
reached 10,000. There was also The
existence of "Adult Education" in order
to give formal education even to adults.
 Changes in Education During
the Japanese Occupation
The government made some changes in the system of education in
February, 1942.
These changes were:
 To stop depending on western countries like the U.S., and Great
Britain. Promote and enrich the Filipino culture.
 To recognize that the Philippines is a part of the Greater East
Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere so that the Philippines and Japan will
have good relations.
 To be aware of materialism to raise the morality of the Filipinos.
 To learn and adopt Nippongo and to stop using the English
language.
 To spread elementary and vocational education.
 To develop love for work.
 Educational System in the Present
Period
• Philippine education is patterned after the
American system, with English as the medium of
instruction. Schools are classified into public
(government) or private (non-government). The
general pattern of formal education follows four
stages: Pre-primary level (nursery, kindergarten
and preparatory) offered in most private schools;
six years of primary education, followed by four
years of secondary education. College education
usually takes four, sometimes five and in some
cases as in medical and law schools, as long as
eight years. Graduate schooling is an additional
two or more years.
Classes in Philippine schools start in June and
end in March. Colleges and universities follow
the semestral calendar from June-October and
November-March. There are a number of
foreign schools with study programs similar
to those of the mother country. An overall
literacy rate was estimated at 95.9 percent for
the total population in 2003, 96 % for males
and 95.8 % for females.
Philosophies of Education
 1. Perennialism
Reality Testing for Perennialists
• Paper-pencil test
• Recitation
• Standardized
test
 Future Orientation for Perennialists

• Expect future to continue in the same

vein as the present
• Belief that knowing the classics of the
past will equip students for the future
 Where Perennialism Shines
• Perennialism does help to dampen the uncertain
effects of the fads that come to education
• Not every new idea is a good one, or one that will
even be effective.
• Perennialism plays well to traditional
communities
 2. Behaviorism
• Behaviorism believes in a science of
behavior that would shape the world
into a better place to live
• Behaviorists to some degree rightfully
claim that behaviorism naturally
occurs in the world whether people
acknowledge it or not
 What behaviorists believe

• Behaviorists believe in a
science of behavior\
• They rely heavily on
scientific studies of
behavior and how
behavior is influenced by
its consequences
What behaviorists would teach
• Behaviorists are at least as concerned
about how people behave as what they
know
• They do not tend to be big innovators in
curriculum
• They will however give a fair trial to any
new curricula that someone else might
write
 Where Behaviorism shines

• Special situations,
where students do not
pick up on subtle cues
about learning or
behavior
• Alternative and
problem schools
 Where behaviorism will come short

• Situations where behavior is not so much

the need as the learning of academic
content
• Situations where students have
internalized appropriate behavior and
behavior does not need to be emphasized
at the expense of scholarship.
 3. Reconstructionism

• Reconstructionists point to a time in the past

when they believe that things were better
• They would re-create education to be like
things were back during that time
• They cite research, particularly historical, to
show that things are not going well now.
 What reconstructionists believe

• Reconstruction-ists point to a
time in the past when they
believe that things were
better
• They would re-create
education to be like things
were back during that time
What reconstructionists would teach

• Reconstructionists would teach the

subjects that were taught during that
“golden age.”
• The subjects would be those that were
taught during that time.
• If the 1960s, for instance, they would
teach usage of the slide rule.
 Reconstructionists and technology

• Their orientation is very

much to the past
• They and perennialists do
not react immediately
and positively to new
technology
 4. Existentialism
• Existentialists celebrate the human
existence
• Very subjective
• Emphasis on meaning within each
individual
• May doubt external reality
• Emphasis on present
 What existentialists believe
• Existentialists believe in
the consciousness of the
self
• They are very concerned
with whether students
find school to be a
satisfying experience
 What existentialists would teach
• Not the same
subjects to everyone, • They would include
since not everyone topics such as
would enjoy the values clarification
same things
• They would
emphasize self-
esteem and a feeling
of self-worth
 A healthy balance

• Each of the six

philosophies has
something to offer
• The only hazard
happens when one
philosophy rules for
a long period of time
HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS
FILIPINO VALUES
• The Filipino value system or Filipino
values refers to the set of values or the value
system that a majority of the Filipino have
historically held important in their lives. This
Philippine values system includes their own
unique assemblage of
consistent ideologies, moral codes, ethical
practices, etiquette and cultural and personal
values that are promoted by their society. As
with any society though, the values that an
individual holds sacred can differ on the basis
of religion, upbringing and other factors.
• As a general description, the distinct
value system of Filipinos is rooted
primarily in personal alliance
systems, especially those based in
kinship, obligation, friendship,
religion (particularly Christianity) and
commercial relationships.
 Models of the Filipino values
F. Landa Jocano
Exogenous model or the foreign model,
Indigenous model or the traditional model.
• The foreign model is described to be a
"legal and formal" model. The
indigenous model is described as a
"traditional and non-formal" model or
guide but is deeply embedded in
the subconscious of the Filipinos.
• The foreign model was inherited by Filipinos
from Western cultures, particularly from
the Spaniards and the Americans. An
example of a foreign or exogenous influence
is bureaucracy exhibited in the government
of the Philippines
Family orientation
• The basic and most important unit of a Filipino's life is the
family. Unlike in Western countries, young Filipinos who turn
18 are not expected to move out of their parents' home.
When a Filipino's parents are old and cannot take care of
themselves, they are cared for in their children's homes and
are very rarely brought by their children to Homes for the
Aged. The practice of separating the elderly from the rest of
the family, while common in Western countries, is often
looked down upon in Filipino society. Family lunches with the
whole clan with up to 50 people, extending until the line of
second cousins, are not unusual. The Filipino puts a great
emphasis on the value of family and being close to one's
family members.
Joy and humor
• This famous trait is the ability of Filipinos to
find humour in everything. It sheds light on
the optimism and positivity of Filipinos in
whatever situation they are in so as to
remain determined in going through
struggles or challenges. It serves as a coping
technique, the same way a child who has
fallen laughs at himself/herself to hide
his/her embarrassment
Flexibility, adaptability, and creativity
• Studies show that Filipinos often have an aversion to a
set of standardised rules or procedures; They are
known to follow a "natural clock" or organic sense of
time—doing things in the time they feel is right. They
are present-oriented: which means that one attends to
a task or requirement at the time it is needed and does
not worry much about future engagements. This
allows the Filipino to adapt and be flexible in doing the
tasks at times not bound to a particular schedule or
timeframe. This allows them think on their feet and be
creative in facing whatever challenge or task they have
even when it is already right in front of them
Faith and religiosity
• The Philippines is approximately 85 percent Christians (mostly
Roman Catholics), 10 percent Muslim, and 5 percent 'other'
religions, including the Taoist-Buddhist religious beliefs of
Chinese and the 'indigenous' Anitism belief of peoples in
upland areas that resisted 300 years of Spanish colonial rule.
This is a reflection of the Filipinos' strong faith in God as seen
in their various practices. This includes the numerous church
holidays they observe, the customary (and obligatory) Sunday
Mass, the individual's basis of their moral standpoints, the
influence of the Church on the minds, actions, and opinions of
the majority, importance of the Sacraments, praying at almost
any possible time of the day, the extreme practices during Holy
Week
Ability to survive
• The Filipinos as a people who have been
constantly under the rule of numerous powerful
countries has over time, developed a sense of
resourcefulness or the ability to survive with
whatever they have. They have the extraordinary
ability to make something out of almost nothing.
If a Filipino was given just a screwdriver, plastic
bagseut, and some tape, he would still be able to
build a bird tree, especially for the sake of
survival, and provided that he be allowed to hunt
for some needed surrounding material.
Hard work and industriousness
• With resourcefulness comes hard work. Filipinos are
very determined and persevering in accomplishing
whatever they set their minds to.
• Filipinos over the years have proven time and time
again that they are a people with an industrious
attitude. Sadly, this is seen by others as Filipinos being
only useful as domestic helpers, working abroad to
help their families in the country. This is also present in
the country’s workforce particularly the farmers. Even
with little support, technological weaknesses and the
country’s seasonal typhoons, the Filipino farmer still
strives to earn their daily meal.
Hospitality
• Foreigners who come to visit the Philippines speak of
Filipinos going out of their way to help them when
lost, or the heart warming generosity of a Filipino
family hosting a visitor in their poverty-stricken
home. Meanwhile, most foreigners who attend
Filipino gatherings abroad (which are frequently
organized for hundreds of reasons) testify to the
warmth and friendliness of Filipinos as they
experience that feeling of “belongingness.” Indeed,
the legendary Filipino hospitality is not limited to the
Philippines. It is everywhere wherever there are
Filipinos.
 Bayanihan - community spirit,
cooperation and unity.
Commonly depicted in art as a
group of men carrying a native
house. You can witness the same
spirit when disaster hits the
country. It is one culture we can
be proud of.
fiesta - not really indigenous to Filipinos as the
word itself is a Spanish word for “festival” and
was brought by the Catholic church to
celebrate the birth or martyrdom of the saints.
During fiesta in my province, every household
prepares a feast and invites everyone to come
and dine with them.
“Pagmamano” - it is a gesture used to show
respect or receive blessing to the elderly or any
seniors. It is done by asking an elderly that you
have met for the first time for their hand and
press the back of their hand to your forehead
gently uttering the phrase “mano po”.
• “Po and Opo” - Is also a gesture of respect for
seniors. When addressing an elderly or
anyone older than you, “po” is always affixed
after a sentence. “Opo” is the polite term to
say “yes” or you are agreeing to an elderly.
 Least Desirable Values
• Ningas kugon - Whenever there is a task to
be done, people will be enthusiastic at first
then after a few days the enthusiasm dies
down. You can see these trait in government
projects where a structure or efforts are left
to their unfinished state
• Filipino time - Being “fashionably late”. The
origins of this trait was said to be from
colonial times when you want to feel
important. Spanish officials are said to come
in late to an event causing delays and it will
not start until the official arrives. A bad habit
picked up by our ancestors and passed down
to us today.
TRY THIS
Homeroom advisers always emphasize the
importance of cleanliness of the
body. Children are taught how to wash
their hands before and after eating. What
is this practice called?

Social Norm
Which curricular move served
to strengthen the spiritual and ethical
values?

Introduction of Values Education as a

separate subject area
Fatalism: An attitude of "what goes around,
comes around" or "come what may." We have a
tendency to surrender our future to fate. We
often accept bad news or circumstances
without trying to stop or change them. This can
sometimes be helpful in adversity, but it can
also keep us from finding ways out of
situations. Also, constantly expecting the worst
can get pretty depressing.
• Crab mentality: This is prevalent in politics
where people tend to push each other down
to clear the way for their own gain.
Politicians, especially, try their best to ruin
each other, but this can also happen among
regular people. I think it goes to the point of
selfishness
Compassion Innovativeness Tolerance

Self-confidence Intelligence Buoyancy

Motivation Personal
Filipino Reliability
Values
Fairness Drive
Emotional
Resiliency Stability Compassion
FAMOUS PHILOSOPHERS
Lao Tzu (sometimes also known as Laozi or Lao Tze),
who is a guiding figure in Daoism (also translated as
Taoism), a still popular spiritual practice. He is said
to have been a record keeper in the court of the
central Chinese Zhou Dynasty in the 6th century
B.C., and an older contemporary of Confucius. This
could be true, but he may also have been entirely
mythical—much like Homer in Western culture. It is
certainly very unlikely that (as some legends say) he
was conceived when his mother saw a falling star,
or was born an old man with very long earlobes –
or lived 990 years.
 Taoism (also known as Daoism) is
a Chinese philosophy attributed to Lao Tzu (c.
500 BCE) which contributed to the
folk religion of the people primarily in the rural
areas of China and became the official religion
of the country under the Tang Dynasty.
Taoism is therefore both a philosophy and
a religion. It emphasizes doing what is natural
and "going with the flow" in accordance with
the Tao (or Dao), a cosmic force which flows
through all things and binds and releases them.
• Mencius (Mengzi, Meng Ke or Meng Zi, 372-
289 B.C.) was a Confucian disciple who made
major contributions to the humanism of
Confucian thought. Dr. Robert Eno of Indiana
University wrote: “Mencius (a Latinization of
Mengzi, or Master Meng) was the greatest
Confucian of the fourth century B.C. He is
one of the three Confucian masters of the
Classical age who have left us texts or
recorded sayings, the other two being
Confucius himself, and Xunzi.
“The effect of the combined work of Confucius,
the codifier and interpreter of a system of
relationships based on ethical behavior, and
Mencius, the synthesizer and developer of
applied Confucian thought, was to provide
traditional Chinese society with a
comprehensive framework on which to order
virtually every aspect of life.
• Confucius (/kənˈfjuːʃəs/ kən-FEW-shəs;551–479
BC)[2][3] was a Chinese philosopher and politician of
the Spring and Autumn period.
• The philosophy of Confucius, also known
as Confucianism, emphasized personal and
governmental morality, correctness of social
relationships, justice and sincerity. His followers
competed successfully with many other schools
during the Hundred Schools of Thought era only to
be suppressed in favor of the Legalists during the Qin
dynasty. Following the victory of Han over Chu after
the collapse of Qin, Confucius's thoughts received
official sanction and were further developed into a
system known in the West as Neo-Confucianism, and
later New Confucianism (Modern Neo-
Confucianism).
• Confucius's principles have commonality with
Chinese tradition and belief. He championed
strong family loyalty, ancestor veneration,
and respect of elders by their children and of
husbands by their wives, recommending
family as a basis for ideal government. He
espoused the well-known principle "Do not
do unto others what you do not want done to
yourself", the Golden Rule. He is also a
traditional deity in Daoism
OTHER PHILOSOPHIES
Skepticism
 Skepticism is not a position; it's a process.
• The popular misconception is that skeptics, or critical
thinkers, are people who disbelieve things. And indeed,
the common usage of the word skeptical supports this:
"He was skeptical of the numbers in the spreadsheet",
meaning he doubted their validity. To be skeptical,
therefore, is to be negative about things and doubt or
disbelieve them.
• The true meaning of the word skepticism has nothing to
do with doubt, disbelief, or negativity.
• Skepticism is the process of applying reason and critical
thinking to determine validity. It's the process of finding a
supported conclusion, not the justification of a
preconceived conclusion.
Stoicism.
• A brief synopsis and definition on this particular school of
Hellenistic philosophy: Stoicism was founded in Athens
by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC, but was
famously practiced by the likes
of Epictetus, Senecaand Marcus Aurelius. The philosophy
asserts that virtue (such as wisdom) is happiness and
judgment should be based on behavior, rather than words.
That we don’t control and cannot rely on external events,
only ourselves and our responses.
• Stoicism has just a few central teachings. It sets out to
remind us of how unpredictable the world can be. How
brief our moment of life is. How to be steadfast, and
strong, and in control of yourself. And finally, that the
source of our dissatisfaction lies in our impulsive
dependency on our reflexive senses rather than logic.
Epicureanism is a system of philosophy based
on the teachings of Epicurus, founded around
307 B.C. It teaches that the greatest good is to
seek modest pleasures in order to attain a state
of tranquillity, freedom from fear ("ataraxia")
and absence from bodily pain ("aponia").
Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance
that emphasizes the value and agency of
human beings, individually and collectively, and
generally prefers critical thinking and evidence
(rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance
of dogma or superstition.
For soft copies of the lecture material

E-mail:
dralej1974@gmail.com
Alejandro.macadataar@deped.gov.ph