Pantulan Gelombang

• Berlaku pada medium yang berbeza- udara ke kaca

• Jika merambat melalui medium yang berbeza ada
gelombang yang dipantulkan atau diserap atau ada
yang dapat melaluinya
• Gelombang cahaya juga dapat dipantulkan oleh
sesetengah objek
• Gelombang bunyi memantulkan cahaya- gema.
• .
 Pembiasan
• Berlaku apabila gelombang merambat dari satu medium ke
medium yang berbeza indeks biasan.
• Contoh perambatan dari udara ke air
• Jika medium mempunyai indeks biasa yang lebih besar dari
medium asal ia akan terbias mendekati normal
• Sebaliknya berlaku bila cahaya merambat dari medium kurang
tumpat ke medium lebih tumpat
 Pembiasan Gelombang Air
Gelombang air merambat ke tebing yang lebih cetek
 Superposisi
Check out this animation to see what happens when two pulses
approach each other from opposite ends on a rope.

Superposition Animation

Note the following:

1. The waves pass through each other unaffected by their meeting.
2. As they’re passing through each other the waves combine to
create a changing waveform.
3. The displacement of the rope at any point in this “combo wave”
is the sum of the displacements of the displacements of the
original waves. In other words, we add amplitudes. This is
called superposition.
 Constructive & Destructive Interference

Constructive Interference
Waves are “in phase.” By super-
position, red + blue = green. If red
and blue each have amplitude A,
then green has amplitude 2A.
Destructive Interference
Waves are “out of phase.” By
superposition, red and blue
completely cancel each other
out, if their amplitudes and
frequencies are the same.
 Interferens
Like force vectors, waves can work together or opposition.
Sometimes they can even do some of both at the same time.
Superposition applies even when the waves are not identical.
Interference Animation
Constructive interference occurs at a point when two waves
have displacements in the same direction. The amplitude of the
combo wave is larger either individual wave.
Destructive interference occurs at a point when two waves have
displacements in opposite directions. The amplitude of the combo
wave is smaller than that of the wave biggest wave.
Superposition can involve both constructive and destructive
interference at the same time (but at different points in the
medium).
Wave Interference
 Pembelauan
When waves bounce off a barrier, this is reflection. When waves
bend due to a change in the medium, this is refraction. When waves
change direction as they pass around a barrier or through a small
opening, this is diffraction. Refraction involves a change in wave
speed and wavelength; diffraction doesn’t.
Diffraction of water happens as waves bend around a boat in a
harbor. This is different than the refraction of waves near shore
because the depth of water does not decrease around the boat like it
does near shore. Diffraction is most noticeable when the wavelength
is large compared to the obstacle or opening. Thus, no noticeable
diffraction may occur if the boat in the harbor is very big.
The sound waves from an owl’s hoot travel a greater distance in the
forest than a song bird’s call, because a low pitch owl hoot has a
longer wavelength than a high pitch songbird call, and the owl’s
waves are able to diffract around trees. Pics on next slide
 Diffraction Pics
When waves pass a barrier they curve around it slightly. When they
pass through a small opening, they spread out almost as if they had
come from a point source. These effects happen for any type of wave:
water; sound; light; seismic waves, etc.
 Diffraction & Bats
Bats use ultrasonic sound waves (a frequency too high for
humans to hear) to hunt moths. The reason they use
ultrasound is because at lower frequencies much of the sound
waves would have a wavelength close to the size of a moth,
which means much of the sound would diffract around it.
Bats hunt by echolocation—bouncing sound waves off of
prey and listening for the echoes, so they need to emit sound
with a wavelength smaller that the typical moth, which means
a high frequency is required. High frequency sound waves
reflect off the moths rather than diffracting around them. If
bats hunted bigger prey, we might have emitted sounds that
we could hear.
We’ll learn more about diffraction when we study light.
 Standing Waves
Animations:
When waves on a rope hits a fixed end, it
reflects and is inverted. This reflected
1st Harmonic waves then combine with oncoming
( The Fundamental ) incident waves. At certain frequencies the
resulting superposition yields a standing
wave, in which some points on the rope
2nd Harmonic called nodes never move at all, and other
points called antinodes have an amplitude
twice as big as the original wave.
3rd Harmonic A rope of given length can support
standing waves of many different
frequencies, called harmonics, which are
named based on the number of antinodes.
4th Harmonic
continued
 Standing Waves (cont.)
Animations: It is important to understand that a standing
is the result of the a wave interfering
constructively and destructively with its
Standing Wave with reflection. Only certain wavelengths will
Superposition Shown interfere with themselves and produce a
(scroll down) standing wave. The wavelengths that work
depend on the length of the rope, and we’ll
learn how to calculate them in the sound
unit. (Standing waves are very important in
Standing Wave with music.)
Incident & Reflected Wavelengths that don’t work result in
Waves Shown irregular patterns. A standing wave could be
Separately simulated with a series of masses on springs,
(scroll down) as long as their amplitudes varied
sinusoidally.
 Resonans
Objects that oscillate or vibrate tend to do so at a particular frequency
called the natural frequency. For example, a pendulum will swing
back and forth at a certain frequency that only depends on its length,
and a mass on a spring will bob up in down at a frequency that
depends on the mass and the spring constant. It is possible physically
to grab hold of the pendulum or mass and force it to swing or bob at
any frequency, but if no one forces them, each will swing of bob at its
own natural frequency. If left alone,
friction will rob the masses of their
energy, and their amplitudes will
decay. If a periodic force, like an
occasional push, matches the period
of one of the masses, this is called
resonance, and the mass’s amplitude
M will grow. (continued)
m Resonance Animation
 Resonans (cont.)
Jane does
Tarzan is swinging through
positive
the jungle, but he can’t quite
work
make it across the river to the
next tree. So, he asks Jane
x
for a little help. She obliges by giving him a push
F every time he’s just about to swing away from her.
In order to maximize his amplitude to get him
across the river, her pushing frequency must match
Jane does his natural frequency. This is resonance. When
negative resonance occurs her applied force does the
work maximum amount of positive work. If she mis-
times the push, she might do negative work, which
would diminish his amplitude. The moral of the
x story is: Resonance involves timing and matching
the natural frequency of an oscillator. When it
F happens, the oscillator’s amplitude increases.
 Resonance Question
Explain how you could get a 700 lb
wrecking ball swing with a large
amplitude only by pulling on it with a
scrawny piece of dental floss.
answer:
Give the ball a little tug, as much as you
can without breaking the floss. The ball
with barely budge. Continue giving it
tugs every time the ball is at its closest to
you. If you match the natural frequency
Wrecking of the ball, its amplitude will slowly
Ball increase to the desired amount. In this
way you are adding energy to the ball
very slowly.
 Jambatan Tacoma
Even bridges have resonant (natural) frequencies. The Tacoma
Narrows bridge in Washington state collapsed due to the
complicated effects of wind. One day in 1940 the wind blew at
just the right speed. The wind was like Jane pushing Tarzan, and
the bridge was like Tarzan. The bridge twisted and shook
violently for about an hour.
Eventually, the vibrations
caused the by wind grew in
amplitude until the bridge was
destroyed.