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Rocks

Three Types
of rock

• Igneous
• Metamorphic
• Sedimentary

Three totally different types of


rock that all basically come
from the same materials
Q: So how do we get such
different rocks?
They all look and act so differently, how do they all form?

Igneous Rocks?

Sedimentary Rocks?

Metamorphic Rocks?
A: The Rock
Cycle!!!
The process of rocks changing from
one type of rock to another
Main Concept: Any rock type can be
changed
into any of the other two and back again
through the Rock Cycle depending on
conditions
Igneous Rocks

Sedimentary Rocks

Metamorphic Rocks
The type of igneous rock depends on how fast it cooled!
Igneous
Rocks

All Igneous rock comes from molten material

Molten material comes from volcanoes


How to get Igneous Rocks:
Melting of IsMaterial
made from exploding material up here

Is made from cooled magma down here

Can you see the big differences


Cooling Magma Explosive Volcanism
in these two rocks?

Large Crystals Lots of holes


Weathering
• If rocks are exposed at the surface; they are exposed to the
elements in the air.
• All the “elements”: rain, wind, animals, plants, ice and even simply
a release of pressure can cause the chemical bonds in rocks to
break apart.
• The process of breaking the bonds in rock and making it “softer”
is called: Weathering!
Erosion
• After a rock has been weathered, it is easy to break.
• If a rock breaks into pieces it becomes easier to move from one
place to another.
• The movement of rock pieces and or soil from one place to
another by natural processes is called: Erosion!
The cliff is slowly falling down! The pile of sediments here used
to be part of this cliff!
Sedimentary Rock
=cemented sediments
This Sandstone in Utah is made from sand
that has been cemented together

The sand here is loose and not cemented together

Can you see the different


layers of sand?
Sedimentary Rock Recipe
1. Start at the
Surface

2. Weather (Break Up)

3. Erode (Carry Away)

Rain moves sand,


4. Sedimentation & dirt, and Layers of sand and sediments
Deposition rocks down to the
ocean

5. Compaction &
Cementation

Igneous rock
Sediments worn away
gather here!
© Beadle, 2009
How to get Sedimentary Rocks:

Weathering Erosion Deposition Cementation

Rocks get broken down


by exposure to water,
wind, etc…
Broken down sediments
are transported towards the sea
and spread out

Broken down rocks fall


apart
Water and pressure helps bond the
particles of sediment together
to make a rock
This is what it
Weathering
(Rock broken down by exposure to
looks like in rain, wind, etc..)
real life:

Cementation
(eventually pieces get
stuck together and
becomes a rock)

Erosion
(pieces fall down to
bottom of cliff)

Deposition
(smaller pieces are spread out
across area)
Rivers can do a lot
of this on their own:

You can see lots of sediments


flowing in the river

Deposition is taking
place when the river
meets the ocean

You can see lots of sediments spreading out!


Evaporation:
New rocks can be formed when water is evaporated

When the water leaves, the electrons of the chemicals that


make up the rocks are attracted to each other and cause
clumps of rock to form from the small particles left behind.

Now all that is left are salty rocks that form a dry lake bed

There used to be a nice


deep ocean here
But then the water evaporated…
Limestone is very common in
the mountains of Utah
Q: Where did this limestone originally come from?

A: Underwater!

Limestone is the remains of sea critters shells that have


been compacted together to form rock at the bottom of a sea
Pressure and Heat Lead to
Metamorphic Rocks
• Rocks that get buried again can get squished
and heated to the point that they change!

This rock is called


“Gneiss” (nice).

Q: Can you remember what it


has “morphed” from?
A: Granite!!!

If you look closely, you can see


the same minerals in both rocks!
The rock cycle is an active process that you can
see just about everywhere outside:
The white tops of these
mtn’s are granite= Igneous

Erosion is actively breaking


down the mountains
(forming canyons!)
Soil is basically all the small
broken up pieces of rocks! Deposition:
Broken down tons of times into minerals from the Granite
smaller spreading out as sand!
and smaller sediments (This makes the soil of the valley)

Underneath all the sand,


sediment is being compacted
=Sedimentary
The Real Rock Cycle

***You will need to know the process


to make each type of rock!
Rock Cycle with illustrations:
Assessment:
Identify where the terms/description
on the left should go in the rock cycle
on the right

• Heat,
Pressure
• Extrusive
(Volcanic
Eruptions)
• Deposition &
Cementation
• Melting
• Intrusive
(Cooling &
Crystallization)
• Weathering &
Erosion

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