Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
b.P = f(P)
P = 1.0133 bar
bp = 100C
elevation = 8848 m
P = 0.26 bar
bp = 69C
P = 2 atm , b.p = 124C
+ EG 50/50 (v/v), b.p =129.5 C => b.p = f(P, c)
If I specify P, T, and c, what are the stable phases?
Phase diagram
stability map
1 2
N
Water (l) Ice cube in liquid water
1 diamond (slush)
White gold
>1 CCl4 – H2O
(Au-Ag-Ni)
s = l coexistence curve
=2 Critical point
P (atm) (374C, 218 atm)
Liquid
=1
1 l = v coexistence curve
=2
4.58 mm Hg Solid
=1 Gas
=1
s=v Triple point
coexistence =3
curve
=2
c
T
Two-component phase diagram
3 dimension 2 dimension
T-P-c
Solid
=1
A c B
Liquidus : l s + l : the lowest T for only liquid (at any c)
Solidus : s s + l : the highest T for only solid (at any c)
The diagram represents the phase behavior of two
components having many similarities (type of bonding,
atomic size, crystal structure, etc), we call it
ISOMORPHOUS DIAGRAM.
The shape of the diagram looks like a lens lens-shape
diagram / lenticular diagram.
Example: naphthalene - -naphthol
Similar
T l
= 1
s
l1 + l2 Coexistence curve
=2
+
A c B
upper critical
solution temperature
(upper consolute
temperature)
Hexane - nitrobenzene
lower critical solution
temperature (lower
consolute temperature)
Partial or limited solubility
Change of state
EUTECTIC DIAGRAM
T B
Tmp
Liquid solution
A
Tmp l
=1
l+
l+ =2 Solid solution
=2 (B rich)
Solid solution
(A rich)
=1 =1
=2 Eutectic
l
A c B
Freezing point depression of both components (A and B)
Eutectic point is equilibrium of , , and l
Eutectic point is unique; it only happens at one T, P, and c
Phase diagram for the simple eutectic system naphthalene - benzene
Phase diagram for system NaCl – H2O
Solution A having composition of xA and enthalpy of HA is mixed
adiabatically with solution A having composition of xB and
enthalpy of HB.
The composition and the enthalpy of the mixture is calculated
using material balance:
Total balance: mC m A m B
Component balance: mC xC m A x A m B x B
mC xC m A x A
xB
mC m A
EXAMPLE
Calculate (a) the quantity of heat to be removed and (b) the
theoretical crystal yield when 5000 lb of a 30 per cent solution of
MgSO4 by mass at 110F is cooled to 70F. Evaporation and
radiation losses may be neglected.
SOLUTION
MWMgSO4 120.3
Weight fraction of MgSO4
MWMgSO4 .7H2O 120.3 126
xC = 0.49
xB x A 0.3 0.26
mC mB 5000 869.6
xC x A 0.49 0.26