SY 2018-2019

METHODS OF RESEARCH

Research 7
Chapter 1
Introduction to Research
 Chapter 1
Introduction to Research
 Research is a key to progress. There can be no progress without research in
almost if not all human endeavors. In government, in education, in trade and
commerce, and in all types and kinds of industries, research is vital and essential.

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 There are many definitions for research, but the good adjectives to define them
are:
• Careful
• Critical
• Disciplined Inquiry

But a person named “Aquino” has more details abou what is research.
He says that :
“Research is, simply, the systematic search for pertinent information on a
specific topic or problem. After a careful, systematic search for pertinent information or
data on a specific topic or problem, and after the research worker has analyzed and
interpreted the data, he eventually faces another essential task – that of preparing the
research report”

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 SOME OTHER THEORIES
SANCHEZ:
“A systematic study or investigation of something for the purpose of
answering questions posed by the researcher”
TREECE AND TREECE:
“Research in its broadcast sense is an attempt to gain solutions to
problems. More precisely, it is the collection of data in a rigorously controlled
situation for the purpose of prediction or explanation.”
MANUEL AND MEDEL:
“The process of gathering data or information to solve a particular or
specific problem in a scientific manner”

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Purposes of Research
( Aims, Objective, Goals)
 PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
1. To discover new facts about known phenomena
(Alcohol is a known phenomena and research may turn it
into a kind of fuel equal in quality to gasoline)
2. To find answers to problems which are only partially solved by
existing methods and information.
(Cancer is a serious disease which is only partially cured
by present methods but due to intensive and continuous
research, the disease may be eradicated later on)

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3. Improve existing techniques and develop new instruments or products.
(This goals envisages the invention of new gadgets and machines, food products
and others used by man.)
4. To discover previously unrecognized substances or elements.
(Previously we had only 92 elements but due to research we now have more than
100.)
5. Discover pathways of action of known substances and elements.
(Due to research we come to know the dangers from the abusive use of not
prescribed drugs and some poisonous substances.)
6. To order related, valid generalizations into systematized science.
(The result of this purpose of research science we are now studying in school.)

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7. To provide basis for decision-making in business, industry, education,
government, and in other undertakings. One approach in decision-
making is the research approach.
(This is basing important decisions upon the results of research.)
8. To satisfy the research’s curiosity.
(Edison was curious about how a hen hatches her eggs and
made a research on that and he invented the incubator.)
9. To find answers to queries by means of scientific methods.
( An example question a researcher may ask is: In what setting is
life expectancy higher, in the city or in the barrio.)

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10. To acquire a better and deeper understanding about one phenomenon that can
be known and understood better by research.
(We can deeply understand why women generally smaller then men.)
11. To expand or verify existing knowledge.
(To better know what other body parts does a human have except for the
parts that we knew already.)
12. To provide:
- Educational Practices and Improve School Supplies
- Health Services and Prolong Life
- Basic Needs (Food, Clothing, Shelter, etc.)
- Communication, Work, and Travel Faster

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Characteristics
A. Good Research
B. Research Problem
 A. Good Research

1. Research gathers new knowledge or data from primary or first-

hand sources.
2. Research is expert, systematic, and accurate investigation.
3. Research is logical and objective.
4. Research endeavors to organize data in quantitative terms.
5. Research is patient and unhurried.
6. Research is carefully recorded and reported.
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 B. Research Problem

1. Systematic 8. Original Work

2. Controlled 9. Done by a Expert
3. Empirical 10. Accurate Investigation
4. Analytical 11. Patient and Unhurried Activity
5. Objective 12. Effort-Making Capacity
6. Employs Hypothesis 13. Requires Courage
7. Employs Quantitative or Statistical Methods

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Kinds and Classifications
of Research
There are many kinds of research which are
classified according to their distinctive features.
 Kinds and Classification of Research

1. According to Purpose
2. According to Goal
3. According to the Levels of Investigation
4. According to the Type of Analysis
5. According to Scope
6. According to Choice of Answers to Problems
7. According to Statistical Content
8. According to Time Element
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1. According to Purpose
• Throw identifies three broadly different kinds of research, namely, predictive,
directive, and illuminative.
A. Predictive or Prognostic
Has the purpose of determining the future operation of the variables
under investigation with the aim of controlling or redirecting such for the better.
B. Directive
Determines what should be done based on the findings. This is to remedy
an unsatisfactory condition if there is any.
C. Illuminative
Is concerned with the interaction of the components of the variable being
investigated.
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2. According to Goal
• This Kind of Research may be classified as basic or pure and
applied research.
A. Basic or Pure Research
Is done for the development of theories or principles. It is
conducted for the intellectual pleasure of learning. Much of this kind
of research has been done in psychology and sociology.
B. Applied Research
Is the application of the results of pure research. This is testing
the efficacy of theories and principles.
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3. According to the Levels of Investigation
• French categorizes research according to the levels of investigation into
exploratory, descriptive, and experimental research.
A. Exploratory
The researcher studies the variables pertinent to a specific
situation.
B. Descriptive
The researcher studies the relationship of the variables.
C. Experimental
The experimenter studies the effects of the variables on each other.
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4. According to the Type of Analysis
• Weiss classifies this research into analytic and holistic
approach
A. Analytic Approach
The researcher attempts to identify and isolate the
components of the research situation.
B. Holistic Approach
Begins with the total situation, focusing attention on
the system first and then on its internal relationship.
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5. According to Scope
•Under this category is action research.
•This type of research is done on a very
limited scope to solve a particular
problem which is not so big.
•It is almost problem-solving.
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6. According to the Choice of Answers to Problems.

• Ackoff divides this research that is concerned with finding

answers to problems into evaluation and developmental
research.
A. Evaluation Research
All possible courses of action are specified and identified
and the researcher tries to find the most advantageous.
B. Developmental Research
The focus is on finding or developing a more suitable
instrument or process than has been available.
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7.According to Statistical Content
• Under this type may be mentioned quantitative and qualitative
research.
A. Quantitative
Is one in which Inferential Statistics are utilized to determine
the results of the study. (Correlation, Chi-Square, Analysis of
Variance, etc.)
B. Qualitative
This is research in which the use of quantity or statistics is
practically nil. Descriptive Data are gathered than Quantitative Data.
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8.According to Time Element
• According to Time Element, best classifies
research as historical, descriptive, and
experimental.
A. Historical Research – describe what was.
B. Descriptive Research – describe what is.
C. Experimental Research – describe what will
be.
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 Some Hindrances to Scientific • Babbie gives the following as
Inquiry some of the hindrances to
scientific inquiry. They are mostly
(Errors in Personal Judgment) errors in personal judgment.

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 SOME HINDRANCES TO
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
1. Tradition
2. Authority
3. Inaccurate Observation
4. Overgeneralization
5. Selective Observation
6. Made-Up Information
7. Illogical Reasoning
8. Ego-Involvement In
Understanding
9. Mystification
10.To Err Is Human
11.Dogmatism

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 THE SCIENTIC METHOD OF
RESEARCH

One of the characteristics of a good

research is that, it is systematic. It
follows the scientific method of research
which includes the following sequential
steps.

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THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH
1. Determining the Problem
2. Forming a Hypothesis
3. Doing the Library Search
4. Designing the Study
5. Developing the Instruments for Collecting Data
6. Collecting the Data
7. Analyzing the Data
8. Determining Implications and Conclusions from the Findings
9. Making Recommendations for Further Research
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Principles of the
Scientific Method
PRINCIPLES OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. Rigid
refers to the manipulation of the research variables.
2. Objectivity
means that there should be no bias or partiality in treating the results of the inquiry.
3. Systematic Organization
refers to proper and accurate tabulation of data as well as presenting them in
statistical tables ready for interpretation.
4. Rigorous Standards
setting up standards or principles with serve as bases for evaluating the findings of
a study.

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 NOW WE HAVE DISCUSS ALL

IT’S TIME TO TAKE THE

CHAPTER 1
QUIZ
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 CHAPTER 1 - QUIZ
1. How do you define research? 5 PTS
2. Why is research important to human kind? 3 PTS
3. What are the purposes and goals of research? (Give only one) 1 PT
4. How do you characterize a good research? (Give all) 6 PTS
5. What are the Classifications of Research? (Give all) 8 PTS
6. What are the Errors in Personal Judgment? (Give all) 11 PTS
7. Give the Scientific Method of Research. (Give all) 8 PTS
8. Give the Principles of the Scientific Method. (Give all) 4 PTS
9. Give the Characteristics of a Research Problem (Give only 4) 4 PTS
ALL IN ALL THE SCORE IS 50 OVER 50!
PASSING IS 40!
GOOD LUCK

Introduction to Research 31
THANK YOU!
FOR LISTENING

HAVE A NICE DAY

AND
GET READY FOR
CHAPTER 2