Solar

System
 Solar System

The solar system consists of the sun and everything that orbits, or
travel around the sun. This includes the eight planets and their
moons, dwarf planets and countless asteroid, comets and other
small icy objects.
PLANET
PLANET CHARACTERISTIC

The International Astronomical Union defined

a planet as an object that:
• orbits the sun
• has sufficient mass to be round, or nearly
round
• is not a satellite (moon) of another object
• has removed debris and small objects from
the area around its orbit
 ROTATION AND REVOLUTION

• Rotation refers to a circular motion around an axis,

located within the body of the object.
• Revolution means a circular motion around an axis,
located outside the object.
 INNER PLANET
Mercury
The closest planet to the sun. Its day side is
scorched by the sun and can reach 840
degrees Fahrenheit (450 Celsius). Mercury
has virtually no atmosphere to absorb
meteor impacts, so its surface is
pockmarked with craters, just like the
moon.
Venus
The second planet from the sun,
Venus is terribly hot, even hotter than
Mercury. The atmosphere is toxic. The
pressure at the surface would crush
and kill you. The rotation of Venus is
clockwise.
Earth

The third planet from the sun. Only

planet with large amounts of liquid
water. Only planet with living things.
Earth’s atmosphere is rich in life
sustaining nitrogen and oxygen.
Mars

The fourth planet from the sun, is a

cold, dusty place. The dust, an iron
oxide, gives the planet its reddish cast.
Mars shares similarities with Earth: It is
rocky, has mountains and valleys.
Mars’ atmosphere is too thin for liquid
water to exist on the surface for any
length of time.
 OUTER PLANET
Jupiter
The fifth planet from the sun. Jupiter is
huge and is the most massive planet in
our solar system. Jupiter has diameter
11 times the diameter of the earth, has
mass of 317.8 times the mass of the
earth and has volume of 1321.3 times
the volume of the earth. A big feature is
the Great Red Spot, a giant storm which
has raged for hundred of years.
Saturn

The sixth planet from the sun is

known most for its rings. The
rings are made of ice and rock.
It has numerous moons.
Uranus
The seventh planet from the sun. It’s
the only giant planet whose equator is
nearly at right angles to its orbit and it
basically orbits on its side. Methane in
the atmosphere gives Uranus its blue
green tint. It has numerous moons and
faint rings. The rotation of Uranus is
clockwise.
Neptune
The eight planet from the sun.
Neptune us known for strong
winds sometimes faster than the
speed of sound.
 Men distance
Mass = x mass of Earth
Diameter from the sun Period of Period of
Planet Mass of Earth = 5.97 x
(km) in millions of Revolution Rotation
1024 kg)
km

Mercury 0.055 4880 58 88 days 59 days

Venus 0.815 12104 108 224.7 days 224 days

23 hours
Earth 1.000 12742 150 365.25 days
57 minutes
24 hours
Mars 0.107 6779 228 687 days
37 minutes
9 hours
Jupiter 317.828 139822 778 11.9 years
55 minutes
10 hours
Saturn 95.161 116464 1427 29.5 years
39 minutes
17 hours
Uranus 14.536 50724 2870 84 years
14 minutes
16 hours
Neptune 17.148 49244 4497 164.8 years
6 minutes
 SATELLITE
A satellite is anything that orbits around a larger object. A natural satellite is any
celestial body in space that orbits around a larger body. Moons are called natural
satellites because they orbit planets. In solar system, there are 146 natural satellite.

- Earth has 1 satellite, namely Moon.

- Mars has 2 satellite, namely Phobos and Deimos.

- Jupiter has 50 satellite, Ganymede (the biggest satellite and has atmosphere)

- Saturn has 53 satellite, Titan (the second biggest satellite and has atmosphere)

- Uranus has 27 satellite

- Neptune has 13 satellite

 Asteroid or Planetoid
Asteroids are small, rocky objects that orbit the sun. Although
asteroids orbit the sun like planets, they are much smaller than
planets. They are lots of asteroids in our solar system. Most of them
live in the main asteroid belt a region between the orbits of Mars
and Jupiter. Most asteroids are made of different kinds of rocks, but
have clays or metals, such as nickel and iron
 Comet
Comets are often called tailed stars, although actually comets are not
stars. The tail of the comet is formed by dust and gas freezes.

Some examples of comet such as:

- Halley’s Comet, appears every 76 years (1986 and 2062)

- Encke Comet, appears every 6.6 years

- Brooks Comet, appears every 7 years

- Gale Comet, appears every 11 years

 Meteoroid

A meteor is an object that burns and vaporizes upon entry into the
Earth’s atmosphere; meteors are commonly known as “shooting
stars”. If a meteor survives the plunge through the atmosphere and
lands on the surface, its known as a meteorite.
 The Law of Planetary Movement
A British Scientist, Sir Issac Newton (1643 – 1727) states that
between two objects that have mass, there will be an attractive force
called gravity. The magnitude of gravity can be known by the
following equation:

𝑀𝑚
F=G
𝑟2
 Sun

- The effect of solar radiation on life

- Sun is a star

- Layers of the sun

 Layers of the Sun
Core

The center of the sun. It is the

hottest part of the sun and is
very dense. The temperature
of core is 15.000.000 0C. The
core produces almost all of
the sun’s heat through
nuclear fusion
Radiation Zone

The radiation zone is the layer just above the core and has the ability
to cause gas to become ionized and travel through the layer as
photons.

Convection Zone

The convection zone is above the radiation zone. Within this layer
convection takes place, meaning that the hot gas will rise and cool
while it reaches the surface of the sun and fall to be heated again in
order to once again rise.
 Atmosphere of the Sun

Photosphere
The lower layer of the sun’s atmosphere is photosphere. It is about 300 miles
(500 kilometers) thick. This layer is where the sun’s energy released as light.
The temperature at this layer is about 5000 – 6000 oC.
Chromosphere
The chromosphere emits a reddish glow as super heated hydrogen burns off.
But the red rim can only be seen during a total solar eclipse. At other times,
light from the chromosphere is usually too weak to be seen against the brighter
photosphere. It is about 2000 – 3000 km
Corona

Corona can only be seen during a total solar eclipse as well. It

appears as white streamers or plumes of ionized gas that flow
outward into space. Temperatures in the sun’s corona can get as
high as 3.5 million degrees Fahrenheit (2 million degrees Celsius).
As the gases cool, they become the solar wind.
 Earth and its Characteristic
Earth’s Rotation
Earth’s rotation is the rotation of the Earth on its axis. The Earth’s
rotation period is 23 hours 57 minutes. The earth rotates from west to
east. Effect of the rotation of the Earth:
a. Day and night
b. Time zones (Rotation 360o = 24 hours = 1440 minutes)
c. Apparent motion of the Sun and other celestial bodies
d. Change in wind direction
Geological Time
Meridian line is the half of an imaginary great circle on the
Earth’s surface, terminated by the North Pole and the South Pole,
connecting points of equal longitude, as measured in angular
degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian.

Greenwich Mean time (GMT) is mean solar time at the village of

Greenwich near London which, as decided at the International
Meridian Congress of 1884, is assigned 0 degrees longitude
(called Prime Meridian)
 1050
Local time 105 0BT is GMT + ( 0 𝑥 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟) = GMT + 7 hour
15
1200
Local time 120 0BT is GMT + ( 0 𝑥 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟) = GMT + 8 hour
15
1350
Local time 135 0BT is GMT + ( 0 𝑥 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟) = GMT + 9 hour
15

Longitude 1800 has been fixed as International Date Line.

Meaning that the date in the Eastern Hemisphere (00 - 1800 𝐵𝑇)
is one day earlier than in the Western Hemisphere (00 - 1800 𝐵𝐵).
Indonesia has three Region Time, such as:

1. Western Indonesian Time (WIB), Standard Longitude

1050 𝐵𝑇 (Sumatera, Java, Madura, West Kalimantan, and Central
Kalimantan.

2. Central Indonesian Time (WITA), Standard Longitude 1200 𝐵𝑇

(East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Bali, Nusa
Tenggara Barat, and Nusa Tenggara Timur.

3. Eastern Indonesian Time (WIT), Standard Longitude 1350 𝐵𝑇

(Kepulauan Maluku and Papua)
 Earth Revolution

Earth revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit, just as the

Moon revolves around the Earth in an elliptical orbit. We revolve
around the sun in a counter clockwise direction. The rate of
revolution is about 1 degree per day.
 The Effect of Earth Revolution

1. Different Seasons

During the year, the Earth is angled differently towards the Sun.
These changing angles provide us with different sun intensities
and therefore we got four different seasons.

2. Earth is at different position in space over the year, we see

different constellations throughout the year.
 The Effect of Earth Revolution

3. Varying length of day and night in Northern Hemisphere and

Southern Hemisphere

4. Apparent movement of the Sun. We can’t see this movement.

The movement we can only see is the rise and the set of the Sun.
The effect of the apparent movement of the Sun:

1. On 21st March, sun will rise above the equator.

2. On 21st June, sun will rise above the northern tropic or tropic
of cancer.

3. On 23rd September, sun will rise above the equator.

4. On 22nd December, sun will rise above the Tropic of Capricorn

or Southern Topic.
 Moon and its Characteristics
• A natural satellite
• One of more that 96 moons in our Solar System
• The only moon of the planet Earth
• About 384.000 km from Earth
• About 1/81 Earth’s mass
• 1/6 of Earth’s gravity
• ¼ of the Earth’s diameter
 Moon and its Characteristics

The moon looks bright at night because of sunlight that is

reflected off its surface. Moon doesn’t have atmosphere. Because
of that:

a. Temperature in month is extreme