THE DYNAMICS OF POPULATION

Population Ecology
Levels of Organization
ECOSYSTEM LEVEL

Organism Level
COMMUNITY LEVEL

POPULATION LEVEL

 Population Level
ORGANISM LEVEL

Brain Spinal cord

ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

 Community Level ORGAN LEVEL

Nerve

 Ecosystem Level
TISSUE LEVEL

CELLULAR LEVEL

MOLECULAR LEVEL
 Population Ecology
Population
 Population – all the
individuals of a species that
live together in an area
 Demography – the statistical

study of populations
Population Ecology
Key Features of Population
 1. Population Size
– is the number
of individuals in a
population.
 Population Ecology
Key Features of Population
 2.PopulationDensity •Determination of Density
•Counting Individuals
– measurement of •Mark-recapture Method
population per unit
N = (Number Marked) X (Catch Second Time)
area or unit volume Number Of Marked Recaptures
Population Ecology
Parameters that effect size or density of a population:

Immigration

Birth Population (N) Death

Emigration
Population Ecology
Key Features of Population
 3. Dispersion
– refers to the way
individuals are spaced
within their area
– Morisita’s Index
Life Table

ACohort
life table
–a
– group
is an age-
of
individuals
specific
ofsummary
the same
ofage
the
throughout
survival
pattern
theirof a
population.
lifetime.
Life Table

Survivorship
curve – a
graphic way
of
representing
the life table
Reproductive Table

Reproductive
Table - is an
age-specific
summary of
the
reproductive
rates in a
population.
Life History

Life History
Big-bang – the traits that
Reproduction
affect an organism’s
– large numbers of offspring are
schedule
produced of reproduction,
in each reproduction
after whichand survival
the individual
often dies.
– Semelparity
Life History

Repeated
Reproductive
Episodes -
some
organisms
produce only
few eggs
- iteroparity
How Do Populations Grow?
A. Exponential growth
B. Logistic growth
How Do Populations Grow?
Exponential Growth
 Exponential model A J-shaped growth curve,
of population described by the equation G = rN
describes an - G = the population growth rate
idealized population - r = the intrinsic rate of
in an unlimited increase
environment - N = the population size
 r(rate of growth) high intrinsic
rate of increase
1500

1000
low intrinsic
rate of increase
Population size

r=0 zero population

500
growth

r = -0.05 negative intrinsic

rate of increase
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time (years)

The Intrinsic Rate of Increase (r)

Exponential Growth Curve
Exponential Growth Curve
How Do Populations Grow?
Logistic Growth
 Logistic model of - As the population grows,
population - this births decline and death
model accounts for the rises.
declining resources - Carrying capacity (K) - is the
maximum
available to population size
populations as they that an environment
grow can support
Logistic Growth Curve
How Do Populations Grow?
Logistic Growth
Ecological footprint - carrying capacity
represents the amount of
productive land needed to
support a nation’s resource
needs.

Humanity’s global ecological footprint

surpassed Earth’s capacity to support us
in 1987
The Exponential curve (also known as a J- The Logistic curve (also known as an S-curve)
curve) occurs when there is no limit to shows the effect of a limiting factor (in this case
population size. the carrying capacity of the environment).
How Do Populations Grow?
Factors Affecting Growth Rate
 Declining birth rate or increasing death
rate are caused by several factors “Booms” and “Busts”
including:
 Limited food supply
 The buildup of toxic wastes
 Increased disease
Population Ecology
Strategies to Prosper Population
R Strategists
 Short life span

 Small body size

 Reproduce quickly

 Have many young

 Little parental care

 Ex: cockroaches, weeds,

bacteria
Population Ecology
Strategies to Prosper Population
K Strategists
 Long life span
 Large body size
 Reproduce slowly
 Have few young
 Provides parental care
 Ex: humans, elephants
Population Ecology
Why do all populations eventually stop growing?
 Density-dependent factors: Biotic factors in the environment
that have an increasing effect as population size increases
 Disease
 Competition
 Predators
 Parasites
 Food
Population Ecology
Why do all populations eventually stop growing?
 Density-independentfactors - Abiotic factors in the
environment that affect populations regardless of their
density
 Volcaniceruptions
 Temperature
 Storms
 Floods
 Drought
 Chemical pesticides
The Human Population
Growth & Trends
The Human Population
World Population
Time unit Births Deaths Growth
-------------------------------------------------
Year 131,571,719 55,001,289 76,570,430
Month 10,964,310 4,583,441 6,380,869
Day 360,470 150,688 209,782
Hour 15,020 6,279 8,741
Minute 250 105 145
Second 4.2 1.7 2.5
-------------------------------------------------
The Human Population
Top 10 Most Populous Country (2014)
1. CHINA – 1,355,692,57 6. PAKISTAN – 196,174,380
2. INDIA – 1,236,344,631 7. NIGERIA – 177,155,754
3. U.S – 318,892,103 8. BANGLADESH – 166,280,712
4. INDONESIA – 253,609,643 9. RUSSIA – 142,470,272
5. BRASIL – 202,656,788 10. JAPAN – 127,103,388
TOP TEN COUNTRIES (2014) = 4,176,380,247
REST OF THE WORLD (2014) = 3,005,478,372
TOTAL WORLD POPULATION (2014) = 7,181,858,619
The Human Population
Top 15 Most Populous Country (2014)
The Human Population
History of Human Population
Factors Affecting Human Population Size
Natality, Fertility and Migration
The Human Population
Fertility and Birth Rates
1. Crude Birth Rate - Number of births in a year per
thousand.
Number of births/year
CBR =
Total population

Global BR = 1.9
The Human Population
Fertility and Birth Rates
2. Fertility Rate – describe the < 2 can lead to declining
birth per 1000 female members population
of population capable of giving > 2 can lead to growing population
birth to young
A. Replacement – level Fertility
Average Fertility Rates
B. Total Fertility Rate - Core – 1.9
- Periphery – 4.8
The Human Population
Two Demographic Worlds
Periphery Core
 is poor, young, and  is wealthy, old, and

rapidly growing. mostly shrinking

 contain 80% of  contains 20% of

world population world population

The Human Population
Poverty and population growth are correlated

“99% of the next billion

people added will be born
in poor, less developed
regions that are least able
to support them”
Fertility Rate
The Human Population
Fertility and Birth Rates
3. Zero Population Growth - Occurs when births plus
immigration in a population just equal deaths plus
emigration.

Births +Immigration = Deaths + Emigration

The Human Population
Migration
4. Migration – the movement of people into and out
of that area
– Net Migration Rate – the difference between the people who
enter the country and the number of people who leave per year per
1000 in the population .
Immigrations - Emigrations
NMR =
Total population
 Dynamics of Population
Mortality or Death Rates
5. Crude Death Rate - Number of deaths per
thousand persons in a given year.
Number of deaths/year
CDR =
Total population

Global DR = 0.8
The Human Population
Factors Affecting Birth and Fertility Rates
1. Average Level of Education 5. Education and employment
2. Importance of children as part opportunities for women
of the family labor force 6. Average age at marriage
(higher in periphery) 7. Availability of public and
3. Urbanization private pension system
4. Cost of raising and educating 8. Religious beliefs, traditions
children ( lower in core) and norms
The Human Population
Factors Affecting Death Rates

1. Better nutrition
2. Improved personal hygiene, sanitation, water supplies
3. Improvements in medicine and public health technology
including antibiotics, immunizations, and insecticides
The Human Population
Potential Solution For Human Population Problems

1. Controlling Migration
2. Reducing Births
a. reducing birth through economic development
b. reducing birth through economic rewards and punishment
c. reducing births by expanding opportunities for women
d. reducing birth through family planning
 Blue = family
planning
accessible
Red = family
planning not
accessible

Family planning reduces unintended pregnancies

Age – Sex Structure
The Human Population
Age – Sex Structure
Age – Sex Structure -
the proportion of the Postreproductive

population at each
age level or of each
sex Reproductive

Prereproductive
Population Pyramid
 Dynamics of Population
Age – Sex Structure
How Age Structure Be  Baby Boom
Used to Make Generation
Population and
 Baby Bust Generation
Economic Projection?
 Echo-Boom Generation
Dynamics of Population
Age – Sex Structure

Philippines’ Age - Sex

Structure
Demographic Transition
1.Preindustrial Stage 3.Industrial Stage
2.Transitional Stage 4.Postindustrial Stage
The Human Population
Demographic Transition
Demographic Transition
- refers to the impact of
economic development
on birth and death
rates.
Demographic Transition
Preindustrial Stage Transitional Stage
 there is little  industrialization

population growth begins and health

care improves,
resulting in
lowered death rates
The Human Population
Industrial Stage Postindustrial Stage
 the birth rate drops  recognized by
due to further reductions
modernization in birth rates
Demographic Transition
The Human Population
Life Expectancy
Life Expectancy - Average
age a newborn can expect to
attain in any given society.
- Worldwide, average has
risen from 40 to 65.5 over
the past century.
The Human Population
Life Expectancy of Different Countries
The Human Population
Demographic Impact of HIV/AIDS
The Human Population
Life Expectancy in the Philippines
In 2012 the life expectancy in the
Philippines has increased 68.63
- for women – 72. 07 years
- for men – 65.20 years
The Human Population
FUTURE OF HUMAN POPULATIONS
-Most demographers Population Projections
believe the world Current ~7 billion
population will Projected 2050 population: 9
stabilize sometime billion
during the next Using modern growth rate:
century. Calculated pop. by 2075:
~11 billion.
Most Populous Country by the Year 2050
2014 2050
1. CHINA - 1,355,692,57 1.INDIA - 1,692,008,000
2. INDIA - 1,236,344,631 2. CHINA - 1,295,604,000
3. U.S - 318,892,103 3. U.S - 403,101,000
4. INDONESIA - 253,609,643 4. NIGERIA- 389,615,000
5. BRASIL - 202,656,788 5. INDONESIA - 293,456,000
6. PAKISTAN - 196,174,380 6. PAKISTAN - 274,875,000
7. NIGERIA - 177,155,754 7. BRASIL - 222,843,000
8. BANGLADESH - 166,280,712 8.BANGLADESH - 194,353,000
9. RUSSIA - 142,470,272 To rank 14 (2050 9. PHILIPPINES - 154,939,000 From 12
10. JAPAN - 127,103,388 To rank 16 (2050 10. DRC - 148,523,000 (2014)
TOTAL WORLD POPULATION (2014) = TOTAL WORLD POPULATION (2050) =
7,181,858,619 9,256,342,700
The Human Population

“The power of population is

indefinitely greater than the power of
the earth to produce subsistence for
man.”
Thomas Malthus