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Introduction
• A Block Diagram is a shorthand
d
pictorial representation of the x y
dt
cause-and-effect relationship of a
system.
𝑦
• For the operations of addition and
+
subtraction the block becomes a 𝑥 +
𝑥+𝑦−𝑧
small circle, called a summing −
point.
𝑧
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Example-1
• Consider the following equations in which 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , are
variables, and 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 are general coefficients or mathematical
operators.
x3 a1 x1 a2 x2 5
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Example-2
• Draw the Block Diagrams of the following equations.
dx1 1
(1) x2 a1 x1dt
dt b
d 2 x2 dx1
( 2) x3 a1 3 bx1
dt 2 dt
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Canonical Form of A Feedback Control System
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Characteristic Equation
• The control ratio is the closed loop transfer function of the system.
C( s ) G( s )
R( s ) 1 G( s ) H ( s )
1 G( s )H ( s ) 0
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Example-3
1. Open loop transfer function G (s) H (s)
C( s ) G( s ) G(s )
3. control ratio
R( s ) 1 G( s ) H ( s )
B( s ) G( s ) H ( s )
4. feedback ratio
R( s ) 1 G( s )H ( s )
E( s ) 1 H (s )
5. error ratio
R( s ) 1 G( s ) H ( s )
C( s ) G( s )
6. closed loop transfer function
R( s ) 1 G( s ) H ( s )
7. characteristic equation 1 G( s )H ( s ) 0
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Reduction techniques
G1 G2 G1G2
G1
G1 G2
G2
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Reduction techniques
G G
G
G G
1
G
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5. Moving a pickoff point behind a block
G G
1
G
G G
G
12
7. Eliminating a feedback loop
G
G
1 GH
H
G
G
1 G
H 1
A B B A
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Example-4: Reduce the Block Diagram to Canonical Form.
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Example-4: Reduce the Block Diagram to Canonical Form.
𝐺2 + 𝐺3
𝐺1 𝐺4
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Example-4: Continue.
• Eliminate all minor feedback loops using rule-7
• After the elimination of minor feedback loop the block diagram is reduced to as shown below
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Example-5 (Home Work)
• For the system represented by the following block diagram
determine:
1. Open loop transfer function
2. Feed Forward Transfer function
3. control ratio
4. feedback ratio
5. error ratio
6. closed loop transfer function
7. characteristic equation
8. closed loop poles and zeros if K=100.
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Example-6
H2
R _ C
+_ + G1 + G2 G3
+
H1
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Example-6
H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1 G2 G3
+
H1
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Example-6
H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1G2 G3
+
H1
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Example-6
H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1G2 G3
+
H1
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Example-6
H2
G1
R _ C
G1G2
+_ + G3
1 G1G2 H1
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Example-6
H2
G1
R _ C
G1G2G3
+_ +
1 G1G2 H1
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Example-6
R G1G2G3 C
+_ 1 G1G2 H1 G2G3 H 2
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Example 7
Find the transfer function of the following block diagram
G4
R (s ) Y (s )
G1 G2 G3
H2
H1
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I
G4
R(s ) B A
Y (s )
G1 G2 G3
H2
H1 G2
Solution:
B
G4 G2G3
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G4
R(s )
GG4
B A G G
Y (s )
G1 2
2G 3
3
H2
H1G2
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4. Eliminate loop III
R(s ) Y (s )
G1 GG4 4GG 2G2G
3 3
C C
1 H 2 (GH4 2 G2G3 )
G2 H1
G4 G2G3
R(s ) Y (s )
G1 G2
H1 H2
H3
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Solution:
1. Eliminate loop I
R(s ) A
G2 I
B
Y (s )
G1 G2
H1
1 GH2 H
2
2
H3
2. Moving pickoff point A behind block G2
1 G2 H 2
R(s ) A G2 B
Y (s )
G1
1 G2 H 2
1 G2 H 2 II
H1 1 G2 H 2
G2 H 3 H1 ( )
G2
H3 Not a feedback loop 30
3. Eliminate loop II
R(s ) G1G2 Y (s )
1 G2 H 2
H1 (1 G2 H 2 )
H3
G2
Y (s) G1G2
R( s ) 1 G2 H 2 G1G2 H 3 G1H1 G1G2 H1H 2
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Example 9
Find the transfer function of the following block diagrams
H4
R(s ) Y (s )
G1 G2 G3 G4
H3
H2
H1
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Solution:
33
2. Eliminate loop I and Simplify
R(s ) II Y (s )
G2G3G4 B
G1
1 G3G4 H 4
H3
G4
H2
G4 III
H1
G2G3G4 H 2 G4 H 1
1 G3G4 H 4 G2G3 H 3 G4
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3. Eliminate loop II & IIII
R(s ) G1G2G3G4 Y (s )
1 G3G4 H 4 G2G3 H 3
H 2 G4 H 1
G4
Y (s) G1G2G3G4
R( s ) 1 G2G3 H 3 G3G4 H 4 G1G2G3 H 2 G1G2G3G4 H1
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Example 10 (Home Work)
Find the transfer function of the following block diagrams
H2
R(s ) A Y (s )
G1 G2 G3 B
H1
G4
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Solution:
R(s ) A B Y (s )
G1 G2 G3
1
H1 G3
1
H1 G3
G4
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2. Eliminate loop I & Simplify
H2
B
G2 G3 B G2G3
1 H1
H2
H1 G3 G3
II
R(s ) G2G3 Y (s )
G1 1 G2 H1 G2G3 H 2
H1
G3
G4 38
3. Eliminate loop II
R(s ) G1G2G3 Y (s )
1 G2 H1 G2G3 H 2 G1G2 H1
G4
Y ( s) G1G2G3
T ( s) G4
R( s) 1 G2 H1 G2G3 H 2 G1G2 H1
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Example-11: Multiple Input System. Determine the output C
due to inputs R and U using the Superposition Method.
40
Example-11: Continue.
41
Example-11: Continue.
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Example-12: Multiple-Input System. Determine the output C
due to inputs R, U1 and U2 using the Superposition Method.
43
Example-12: Continue.
44
Example-12: Continue.
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Example-13: Multi-Input Multi-Output System. Determine C1
and C2 due to R1 and R2.
46
Example-13: Continue.
47
Example-13: Continue.
When R1 = 0,
When R2 = 0,
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Block Diagram of Armature Controlled D.C Motor
Ra La
c
ia
Va eb T J
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Block Diagram of Armature Controlled D.C Motor
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Block Diagram of Armature Controlled D.C Motor
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Block Diagram Angular Position Control
System (Home Work)
Ra La N1
+
JM
+ + + BM
ia BL
kp
e ea eb T θ JL
r c
_ _ _
N2
-
if = Constant
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END OF LECTURE-3
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