equilibrium constants

needed in chemistry
pH,ionization constants buffers, and solubility
 IONIZATION
01 Strong acids and strong bases will IONIZE completely,

REVIEW pushing reaction to the RIGHT , using up all reactants

to make more product

WEAK ACIDS/ BASES & EQUILIBRIA

02 Not all reactants are used up. 2 reactions happening at
same speed and same time
Equilibrium constants for acid/base ionization Ka and
Kb

03 WEAK ACIDS/ BASES have PAIRS (bronsted

lowry : proton (H ion) transfer concept)
 conjugate pairs

amphiprotic substances
Some molecules or ions are able to
function as either Brønsted–Lowry
acids or bases

Water is the most common amphiprotic

substance.
water
Ionization Constant Values (Ka) and
Percent Ionization Values
ionization constants
note: HA is conc. at equilibrium not initially!
 A base ionization constant is the equilibrium constant for the rea
ction of a weak base with water. The general expression
for Kb is
 SELF-IONIZATION OF WATER
ALTHOUGH THOUGH
OF AS POLAR
A small percentage of water ionizes

At equilibrium and 24C, the H3O

and OH concentrations are 1.00
X 10-7
M (0.000000100 M).
how to get the ion product constant of wate
r?
sample
pH concept
• The pH scale is a scale of small numbers
that is used to specify molar hydronium
ion concentration in an aqueous solutio
n.
• If coefficient is 1, the superscript IS the p
H
• What if the coefficient is not 1? Non-int
egral pH
pH Values and Hydronium Ion Concentratio
n
 BUFFERS AND SALT HYDROLYSIS
Chemical Equations for Salt Hydrolysis Reactions

A buffer is an aqueous
solution containing
substances that prevent
major changes in solution pH
when small amounts of acid
or base are added to it
BUFFER COMPONENTS
• Buffers contain two active chemi
cal species: (1) a substance to re
act with and remove
• added base, and (2) a substance
to react with and remove added
acid.
• Typically, a buffer system is com
posed of a weak acid and its conj
ugate base:
• Conjugate acid–base pairs that a
re commonly employed as buffer
s
• include HC2H3O2/C2H3O2
• H2PO4/HPO4
• H2CO3/HCO3
HOW BUFFERS WORK?
last equilibrium expression to discuss”
Ksp
• The Ksp expression for a salt is th • Solubility product constants are
e product of the concentrations used to describe saturated soluti
of the ions, with each concentra ons of ionic compounds of relati
tion raised to a power equal to t vely low solubility. A saturated s
he coefficient of that ion in the b olution is in a state of dynamic e
alanced equation for the solubilit quilibrium between the dissolve
y equilibrium. d, dissociated, ionic compound a
nd the undissolved solid.
why ksp?
• Since the equilibrium constant refers to the pro
duct of the concentration of the ions that are pr
esent in a saturated solution of an ionic compo
und, it is given the name solubility product cons
tant, and given the symbol Ksp. Solubility prod
uct constants can be calculated, and used in a v
ariety of applications.
basic formula for Ksp
1.

2.
3.