Advanced Structural Design - Lecture Note 09 P2

6102BEUG- Lecture Note: 09 7/4/2019
Pre-stress losses (Cl. 5.10, EC2)
Loss of pre-stresses is the difference between the jacking force in the tendon at the pre-
stressing stage and the force after losses have occurred. Some of the losses occur
immediately when the force is transferred to the concrete, e.g elastic shortening of the
member. Other losses occur with time, e.g. creep of the concrete. The jacking force
does not exceed 90% of the characteristic strength of the tendon and is generally not
less than 75% (cl 5.10.3(2),EC2). In practice total losses of the jacking force are within
the range of 15%-40%. If large losses of pre-stress occur then the advantages of pre-
stressed concrete, e.g. no cracks at service load, are lost. It is therefore advantageous to
minimize the loss of pre-stress.
per cent loss of pre-stress = 100*(jacking stress-final stress)/(jacking stress)
1 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

International College of Business and Technology
B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
Factors affect to loss of pre-stress
Relaxation of Elastic Shrinkage of Creep of the Draw in during Friction in the

the steel deformation of the concrete concrete anchorage ducts and at
(1-12 %) the concrete (1-6 %) (5-15 %) (0-5 %) anchorage
(1-10 %) (3-7 %)
Note-: Initially, in design calculations, the loss of pre-stress is estimated from past
experience and later, when the section shape and size has been determined, a more
accurate calculation is made. A reasonably accurate estimation of the loss of pre-stress
is required because it affects service load conditions.
a). Relaxation of steel (cl. 5.10.4, cl. 3.3.2 and Annex D, EC2)
If a steel tendon is stressed to about 80% of its characteristic strength and anchored
over a fixed length, then after 1000h the stress will reduce. This phenomena, which is
not fully understood, is called relaxation, and may be defined as a loss of stress at
constant strain. The precise value will depend upon whether pre-tensioning or post-
tensioning is used and the characteristics of the steel type.
b). Elastic deformation of the concrete (cl. 5.10.4, EC2)

If a jacking force from a pre-stressing tendon is transferred to a concrete member then,
because the concrete behaves elastically, the member immediately reduces in length. If
the steel and concrete are bonded together, as in pre-tensioned pre-stressed concrete,
then the reduction in length is the same for the concrete and the steel and is
unavoidable. In post-tensioned concrete, because the tendon is not bonded to the
concrete during stressing operations, the elastic reduction in length of the concrete can
be allowed for when jacking and the loss can be reduced to a very small value.
Assuming elastic behaviour for a pre-tensioned member where the steel is bonded to
the concrete before the jacking force is transferred to the concrete.
𝜎𝑐𝑝
= 𝑓𝑠 ′/𝐸𝑝
𝐸𝑐𝑚 (𝑡)
Where, 𝜎𝑐𝑝 = Compressive stress in the concrete from axial load or pre-stressing
P0/Ac + P0e2/I
𝐸𝑐𝑚 = Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete (refer Table 3.1, eqn 3.1 & 3.5)
𝑓𝑠 ′ = Loss of stress in the steel
𝐸𝑝 = Design value of modulus of elasticity of pre-stressing steel
If fpi is the jacking stress in the steel
percentage loss of pre-stress = 100(Ep/Ecm)σcp/fpi

due to elastic shortening
The design value for the modulus of elasticity Ep may be assumed equal to 205GPa for
wires and bars and 195GPa for strands.
Note-: It is normally adequate to assume 50% of the above loss in the case of post
tensioning.
c). Shrinkage of concrete (cl 3.1.4,EC2)

Shrinkage of concrete is a reduction in dimensions of a concrete member and when
related to loss of pre-stress it is the shrinkage in length which is important. The more
important factors which influence shrinkage in concrete are
1. aggregate used
2. original water content
3. effective age at transfer
4. effective section thickness
5. ambient relative humidity
In the absence of experimental evidence values of shrinkage strain (εcs) can be
calculated using equations given in Cl. 3.1. (6).
Assuming elastic behaviour, the loss of pre-stress in the pre-stressing steel
fs’ = Ep εs
Assuming equal strains in the steel and concrete
εs = εcs

Percentage loss of pre-stress related to the jacking stress

= 100(fs’/fpi) = 100Ep εcs /fpi
Percentage loss of pre-stress due to the shrinkage of concrete = 100Ep εcs /fpi
d) Creep of concrete (Cl. 3.1.4, EC2)

Creep is the change in strain which occurs very slowly after the immediate elastic strain
has taken place. The creep coefficient depend on the following.
1. original water content
2. effective age at transfer
3. effective section thickness
4. ambient relative humidity
5. ambient temperature
Creep strain in concrete is stress dependent and values can be obtained from Fig. 3.1,
EC2. Expressed as the elastic strain multiplied by the final creep coefficient φ>1.
εcc(∞,t0) = φ(∞,t0) .(σc/Ec)
Assuming elastic behaviour, then loss of pre-stress in the steel
f’s = Ep εs
Assuming the strain in the steel equals the creep strain in the concrete
εs = εcc(∞,t0) =φ(∞,t0) .(σc/Ec)

Percentage loss of pre-stress related to the jacking stress

= 100(fs’/fpi) = 100(Ep /Ec) φ(∞,t0)σc /fpi
Loss of pre-stress due to the creep of concrete = 100(Ep /Ec) φ(∞,t0)σc /fpi
e). Anchorage Slip (Cl. 5.10.4, 5.10.5.3,EC2)

Anchorage slip reduces the stress in the wires or tendon and results in a loss of pre-
stress.
When the wires for pre-tensioned pre-stressed concrete members are being stressed
the wires are fixed to a single cross-head and the slip can be allowed for and
consequently the loss of pre-stress is small.
In post-tensioning systems allowance should be made for any slip of the tendon at the
anchorage when the pre-stressing force is transferred from the tensioning equipment to
the anchorage. This loss may be large for short members. In practice the slip at the
anchorage δL is known and the strain δL/L can be calculated.
Loss of pre-stress due to the anchorage slip = 100(δL/L)Ep/fpi

f). Friction Loss(Cl. 5.10.5.2, EC2)

If frictional forces act along the length of a tendon then the force at a point distant from
the jack will be less than at the jack.
Generally, for pre-tensioned members the wires are straight and frictional losses only
occur during jacking operations at the anchorage. The magnitude is generally known
and allowance can be made.
For post-tensioned members the tendons are contained in straight or curves ducts and
during jacking operations the tendons move relative to frictional surfaces.
Losses due to friction ΔPμ(x) in post-tensioned tendons may be estimated from

ΔPμ(x) = P0(1-e-μ(θ+kx))
Where,
θ = sum of the angular displacements over a distance x (irrespective of
direction or sign)
μ = coefficient of friction between the tendon and its duct (Table 5.1)
k = an unintentional angular displacement for internal tendons (per unit
length)
x = distance along the tendon from the point where the pre-stressing force is
equal to Pmax(P0) (the force at the active end during tensioning)

If the radius of curvature is large θ = x/rps

For a straight duct with a wobble μθ=μkx
at
x
L
rps = L2/(8at) + at/2
Loss of pre-stress due to the friction = 100(1-e-μ(θ+kx))

Example 05
Determine the loss of pre-stress for the post-tensioned beam shown in figure below
which is subjected to a total jacking force P0 = 1000kN. Assume C40/50 Grade concrete,
jacking from both ends, and smooth round bars stressed to 70% of the characteristic
stress.

Example 06
A post tensioned beam shown in figure below is stressed by two tendons with a
parabolic profile and having a total cross sectional area Ap = 7500mm2. The total initial
pre-stress force is P0 = 10500kN and the total characteristic strength is Ppk = 14000kN

Analysis of a section in bending at the Ultimate Limit State (Cl. 3.1.7, EC2)
Analysis entails the determination of the moment of resistance of a section given the
size of the section and reinforcement. The behaviour of a pre-stressed concrete
member in bending at the ultimate limit state is similar to that of an ordinary reinforced
concrete member.
The basic concepts are simple and the analysis of a section in bending at ultimate load is
based on the following assumptions.
1. Plane section remain plane,
2. The strain in bonded reinforcement, whether in tension or compression, is
the same as that in the surrounding concrete.
3. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
4. The stresses in the reinforcement or pre-stressing steel are derived from
the design curves. (Fig. 3.8 & 3.10 in EC2)
5. The initial pre-strain in the pre-stressing tendons is taken in to account
when assessing the stresses in the tendons at the ultimate limit state.
6. For cross sections subject to pure longitudinal compression, the
compressive strain is limited to 0.002 and for bending 0.0035.
7. The tensile strain in the steel is limited to 0.02.

The partial safety factors on loads and material for this analysis are the normal values
for the ultimate limit state. However, in consideration of the effect of the pre-stress
force this force should be multiplied by a partial safety factor of 0.9 when the pre-stress
force is considered to be, as is usual, a favourable effect.
As the loads on a pre-stressed member increase above the working values, cracking
occurs and the pre-stressing steel begins to behave as conventional reinforcement. The
behaviour of the member at the ULS is exactly as that of an ordinary reinforced
concrete member except that the initial strain in the steel must be taken in to account
in the calculations.
The total steel strain is that due to bending added to the initial strain in the steel
resulting from pre-stress. For a series of assumed neutral axis positions, the total
tension capacity is compared with the compressive force developed by a uniform stress
of 0.567fck, and when reasonable agreement is obtained, the moment of resistance can
be evaluated.

Calculation of ultimate moment of resistance

The section of a pre-tensioned beam shown in Figure below is stressed by ten 5mm
wires of 0.1% proof stress fp0.1k = 1600N/mm2. If these wires are initially stressed to
1120N/mm2 and 30% losses are anticipated, estimate the ultimate moment of
resistance of the section if class C35/45 concrete is used.
Design of additional reinforcement

Design un-tensioned high yield reinforcement (fyk=500N/mm2) for the rectangular beam
shown in figure below which is stressed by five 5mm wires, if the ultimate moment of
resistance to exceed 40kNm for class 40/50 concrete. The characteristic strength of
tensioned steel, fp0.1k = 1600N/mm2.

Analysis of a section in shear (Cl. 6.2, EC2)

Shear in pre-stressed concrete is considered at the ultimate limit state. Design for shear
therefore involves the most severe loading conditions, with the usual partial safety
factors.
The response of a member in resisting shear is similar to that for reinforced concrete,
but with the additional effects of the compression due to the pre-stressing force. This
will increase the shear resistance considerably and this is taken into account in EC2 by
enhancing the equation for the shear capacity (VRd,c) of the section without shear
reinforcement.
In calculating the design shear force, VEd, it is permissible to take into account the
vertical component of force in any inclined tendons which will tend to act in a direction
that resist shear, thus enhancing the shear capacity of the section. In such a case the
pre-stressing force should be multiplied by the partial safety factor of 0.9.
Members not requiring design shear reinforcement

In regions of pre-stressed beams where shear forces are small and, taking into account
any beneficial effect of forces attributable to inclined pre-stressing tendons, the
concrete section on its own may have sufficient shear capacity (VRd,c) to resist the
ultimate shear force (VEd).


Shear strength without shear reinforcement- regions un-cracked in bending

For the special case of a single span beam, in regions which are un-cracked in bending
(i.e where sagging moments are relatively small near to the supports), the shear
strength of the concrete section could be governed by the development of excessive
tensile stresses in the concrete. These regions are defined as where the flexural tensile
stress in the un-cracked section does not exceed fctk,0.05/γc, where fctk is the
characteristic axial tensile strength of the concrete.

The variable strut inclination method for sections that require shear reinforcement



Steps for shear design

Note-: All shear will be resisted by the provision of links with no direct contribution from
the shear capacity of the concrete itself.
1. Calculate shear force at the section

2. Check if shear reinforcement is required
3. Check the crushing strength of the concrete diagonal strut (VRd,max)
4. Calculate the area and spacing of links
5. Calculate the minimum link requirement
6. Calculate the additional longitudinal force due to the shear and longitudinal
reinforcement requirement.

Example 07
End of Lecture
Note 09


Advanced Structural Design - Lecture Note 09 P2

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6102BEUG- Lecture Note: 09 7/4/2019

Pre-stress losses (Cl. 5.10, EC2)

per cent loss of pre-stress = 100*(jacking stress-final stress)/(jacking stress)

1 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

Factors affect to loss of pre-stress

Relaxation of Elastic Shrinkage of Creep of the Draw in during Friction in the

b). Elastic deformation of the concrete (cl. 5.10.4, EC2)

percentage loss of pre-stress = 100(Ep/Ecm)σcp/fpi

c). Shrinkage of concrete (cl 3.1.4,EC2)

4 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

Percentage loss of pre-stress related to the jacking stress

d) Creep of concrete (Cl. 3.1.4, EC2)

5 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

Percentage loss of pre-stress related to the jacking stress

e). Anchorage Slip (Cl. 5.10.4, 5.10.5.3,EC2)

Loss of pre-stress due to the anchorage slip = 100(δL/L)Ep/fpi

6 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

f). Friction Loss(Cl. 5.10.5.2, EC2)

Losses due to friction ΔPμ(x) in post-tensioned tendons may be estimated from

7 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

If the radius of curvature is large θ = x/rps

rps = L2/(8at) + at/2

Loss of pre-stress due to the friction = 100(1-e-μ(θ+kx))

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Calculation of ultimate moment of resistance

Design of additional reinforcement

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Analysis of a section in shear (Cl. 6.2, EC2)

Members not requiring design shear reinforcement

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Shear strength without shear reinforcement- regions un-cracked in bending

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Steps for shear design

1. Calculate shear force at the section

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