MEASURE OF CENTRAL

TENDENCY
UNGROUPED

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This measure is used to provide a single value,
which represents the “centre” of the sample
data points/ distribution.

The central location/tendency attempts to

summarize the sample data with a single
numerical value.

These measures are commonly known as

averages.

The term average often refers to the mean, but

may also be used to refer to the mode or median.

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In obtaining mean,all observations from
the sample or population are considered.

Therefore if there exists extremes value (

either too large or too small ) mean is not
suitable measure to represent the
distribution of the data. The mean is most
widely used of all central tendency
measures.

It is also useful for further statistical

analysis (such as t-test and analysis of
variance.)

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Ungrouped data set
 1)..Number (n)---
refers to the count of elements(numbers) in
the sample
And N refers to the number of elements in the
(whole) population

2)..Mean µ (for population)pronounced m-

you is the average of something and x
To find mean is the same as calculating
average.
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MEAN
 POPULATION MEAN:


 X
N

 SAMPLE MEAN:

X 
 x
n

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A small sample of ages

24 25 31 19 27 20 28 23 26 24
n(age)=10
mean(age)=(24+25+31+19+27+20+28+23+26+24)/10
=247/ 10
=24.7

The mean is the value that balances the weights on the

number line.

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 Median
The median is the middle value of a variable.
24 25 31 19 27 20 28 23 26 24
Arrange ascending order
19 20 23 24 24 25 26 27 28 31
Then locate the middle value in a data set.
Here there are two middle value which is
24 and 25. So you can use this formula
Median Location = 24 + 25 = 24.5
2

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 1920 23 24 24 25 26 27 28
Example of data above the median
would be 24. Because 24 is in the
middle value of the data set.

Median is not affected by extreme

values.
Median does not possess the “nice”
mathematical properties of the mean.
But it is more realistic representation of
scores, especially with skewed data.

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Mode
 Themode is also the central score , and it is
the value in a data set that occurs the most
often. If it is no such value then no mode. If
there exists two values -–bimodal
three values –trimodal

Symbol for mode X

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19 20 23 24 24 25 26 27 28
The mode is 24….because 24
occurs twice in the data.

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RECAP
 What is mean?
 What is median?
 What is mode?

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Randomly sampled collected
distress calls for 24 hour period
 2546 34 45 37 36 40 30 29 37 44 56
50 47 23 40 30 27 38 47 58 22 29 56
40 46 38 19 49 50

 Find mean

 Find median
 Find mode

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Randomly sampled collected
distress calls for 24 hour period
 2546 34 45 37 36 40 30 29 37 44 56
50 47 23 40 30 27 38 47 58 22 29 56
40 46 38 19 49 50

 Find mean
average = 1168 /30 = 38.93
 Find median
 19 22 23 25 27 29 29 30 30 34 36 37 37 38 38
 40 40 40 44 45 46 46 47 47 49 50 50 56 56 58
 (38 + 40)/ 2 = 39
 Find mode = 40
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF MEAN
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Most popular measure. Affected by outliers
The sample size is large and does
not include outliers, the mean
score usually provides a better
measure of central tendency
Useful when comparing sets of
data.

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MEDIAN
ADVANTAGES DISADVATAGES
Extreme values (outliers) do Median cannot be determined for
not affect the median as non-quantitative data
strongly as they do the mean.
Easier than mean

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MODE
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Extreme values (outliers) do Not as popular as mean and
not affect the mode. median.
When no values repeat in the
data set, the mode is every
value and is useless.
When there is more than one
mode, it is difficult to
interpret and/or compare.

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EFFECT OF CHANGING UNITS

 Ifyou add a constant to every value, the

mean and median increase by the same
constant.

 Suppose you multiply every value by a

constant. Then, the mean and the median
will also be multiplied by that constant.

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EXAMPLE

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