Sanitary Fixtures

Following Soil Appliance are used in the house drainage system.

• Water Closets
• Urinals
• Flushing Cisterns
• Bidet
Following Waste Appliance are used in the house drainage
system.
• Wash Basin
• Sink
• Dishwater
• Washing machine
 Water Closets ( W/C)
• A water closets is a pan like water flushed plumbing fixture
designed to remove human excreta directly and dispose the
same in to the soil pipe through trap.
• It is made of viterous china or proclain and is connected to
soil pipe through the trap. The inside surface of water closet
and trap are glazed so that the flushing is smooth and efficient.
• The water closets are of three types:
• India Type
• European Type
• Anglo Indian Type
 Indian Type WC
• Indian Type WC: Indian standard IS 2556
Part III- 1990 provides detailed
specification for the viterous china Indian
type water closets.
• Following fig shows the Indian type Water
closets
 Indian Type WC
• It is simple in construction and working bat used
in squatting position. Usually it is made from
procelain. The pan and trap are available in two
different pieces. The trap has an opening for
antisiponage pipe. The WC is fixed in squatting
position just at floor level. Indian type WC requires
around 10 litre of water for flushing. The flushing
cistern is fitted at 2 m height from the water closet.
 European Type Water Closet
• Fig shows European type water closet. It is
usually made of proclain. It is provided with
seat and cover. The pan has flushing rim to
spread the flusing rim to spread the flush
water. The closet is fitted with P-trap or S
Trap.
 Anglo Indian Type W/C
• In the european W/C the user can not rest
on thin rim conveniently and in indian W/C
chances of fouling of excreta are more. The
above disadvantages of european and indian
water closets are removed in anglo Indian
water closet. The closet is fixed 40 cm above
from the floor level and upper rim of the
pan is enlarged sufficiently so that user can
conveniently sit .
Anglo Indian Type W/C
Reference :- Google image
 Urinals
• (Indian Standard IS 2556 part 6 1992
describes the detailed specification for the
viterous urinals)
• Urinals mostly in use are of two types:
• Bowl Type
• Stall Type
Urinals
 Flushing Cistern:
• Indian Standards IS 774-1990 provides detailed
specification from flushing cisterns for water closets and
urinals. Other than plastic cisterns.
• The flushing cistern is installed to flush the water closet
and urinal. It is made of cast Iron, glazed earthenware or
viterous china or plastic. For Indian WC the flushing
cisterns are made from cast Iron and fixed at a height of
about 1.75 m above the top of closet pan. They are known
as high level flushing cisterns
• For european and anglo Indian type water closets,
normally vitreous china or plastic cisterns are used. The
cisterns are fixedwith their bottom at only height of about
30 cm from the top of the pan. They are therefore known as
low level flushing cisterns.
 Flushing Cistern:
• Flushing cisterns are classified as
• Siponic without valve
• Siponic with valve
Flushing Cistern
 Bell Type flushing
• Bell type flushing cistern shown below is used
with Indian WC. It doesn’t have valve.
• Bell type flushing cistern consists of following
parts.
• Bell
• Float
• Lever with chain
• Inlet outlet and overflow pipes
• Cast Iron casing
Flushing Cistern
 Bell Type flushing
• The function of the cistern is based on principle of
siphonic action. When the float is at bottom the inlet valve
is open and water enters the cistern when water level rises
the float also rises and at a certain water level the inlet valve
is closed.
• When the chain is pulled the bell connected it through
lever, is lifted up and water splashes inside the bell
through the bottom of the bell which carries some air
with it and as a result of that partial vaccum is created
in the bell which generates the siphonic effect and water
continiously flow in the flush pipe through its bottom and
siphonic action stops. As the cistern is emptied float
comes down and inlet valve is opened allowing water to
flow in the cistern.
 Wash Basins
These are plumbing fixtures mainly used for handwashing.
• These are normaly made of glazed earthernware or vitrious china.
Sometimes they are also made from iron stainless steel or plastic,
specially for the places where users are more.
• Wash basins may be either flat back pattern or angle back pattern.
The previous is fixed on walls and latter is used for fixing at corners
of walls. The flat back pattern has standard sizes as follows:
• 630 mm x 450 mm
• 550mm x 400 mm
• 450 mm x 300 mm
• Where as the angle back pattern has standard sizes as shown below:
• 600 mm x 480 mm
• 400 mm x 400 mm
Wash Basin
 Sinks
• Sinks are the plumbing fixtures provided in kitchens for
cleaning utensils. Sinks are also provided in laboratories for
cleaning laboratory glasswares etc. The plan and section of sink is
shown below:
• Sizes of sinks are indicated below:
• For Kitchen
• 600 x 400 x 150 mm
• 600 x 450 x 250 mm
• 750 x 450 x 250 mm
• For laboratories
• 400 x 250 x 150 mm
• 450 x 300 x 150 mm
• 600 x 400 x 200 mm
• 500 x 350 x 150 mm
 Sinks
 A sink is a rectangular basin used in kitchen or
laboratory for cleaning utensils, and glasswares.
 These may be made of glazed
earthware, stainless steel or enamelled pressed
steel.
 The sink has an outlet usually of about 40 mm
diameter.
 The outlet pipe discharges water over a floor trap
or nahni trap.
 The mouth of outlet pipe is provided with grating
of bras or nickel so that the entry of coarse solid
substances is prevented.

 Common sizes of kitchen sinks:

600 x 400 x 150 mm
600 x 450 x 250 mm
750 x 450 x 250 mm
 Common sizes for laboratory sinks:
400 x 250 x 150 mm
450 x 300 x 150 mm
600 x 400 x 200 mm
Reference :- Google image
 WHAT IS BIDET…?

• Bidet is a plumbing fixture that was made

popular in Europe.
• The bidet cleanses the user after using the
toilet.
• Instead of toilet paper, bidets use a stream of
water to clean you after using the restroom.
PICTURE OF BIDET
 PICTURE OF CERAMIC BIDET

• Ceramic Bidet
 Dimension of bidet
• Dimensions (arrow point to arrow point):
A. REGULAR: Approx. 15-11/32" (390mm)

ELONGATED: Approx. 16-17/32" (420mm)

(Handicapped Toilets may measure over 17", but

the elongated IntiMist will fit fine - you may see
a little of the bowl showing under the seat)

B. Minimum 1-3/16" (30mm) - must be a flat area

(not curved)
B. 5-1/2" (140mm)

C. Minimum 12-19/32" (320mm)

ADVANTAGES TO HAVING A BIDET

• The most important advantage to having a

bidet is that it is much more hygienic than
using toilet paper alone.
• Bidets can save money in the long run from
all the toilet paper that can be saved.
 INSTALLATION

• Some bidets are designed with seats, just like a

toilet. The controls for the spray are either on
the front, side or the rear of the unit.
• Might consider installing a mounted wall grab-
bar to assist the user in getting up and down.
• Consider which option you would like best.
• A bidet with a wide, rounded ledge will
provide the most comfortable seat, especially
for a large person.
• When installing it, or having it installed, make
sure that you leave ample room at the sides
for your legs and room at the back for your
knees.
• It is suggested, at least for some models, that
you leave a gap of at least four inches between
the wall and the back of the bidet.
 Have 4 types :

1. Over-the-Rim
2. Heated Rim (Flushing Rim)
3. Spray Model (Horizontal or Vertical Spray)
4. Combination
 Over-the-Rim

• This model is fitted with a standard facet.

• The bidet bowl is filled exactly the same
way that you fill a sink.
• This version is the simplest type to install.
• This model features a rimless bowl, which
makes it easy to clean.
 Heated Rim (Flushing Rim)

• The second type of bidet is the heated rim

(flushing rim), which has hot/cold handles
on the top.
• The water enters the bowl below the rim of
the basin.
 Spray Model (Horizontal or Vertical
Spray)

• The third version is the spray model.

• This one is popular because it provides a
gentle shower.
• You can choose from two types of spray
including the horizontal spray, which
delivers a horizontal stream of water, or the
vertical spray.
• The later consists of a foundation jet
situated in the center of the bowl.
 USPA bidets

• It is amongst the modernized models that

come with quality aesthetics.
• They come with remote operation and are
very useful for patients with constipation
and hemorrhoids.
 Travel Bidets

• These are the compact models that have

the ease of carrying and can be used in
conjunction with public restrooms to
prevent urinary tract infections.
• They come with soft push button and warm
washing facilities.
History of washing machine
In 1908 By early 1950s In 1958

The Thor machine Washing machines with The first microchip-

with electricity spin dry feature were controlled automatic
was invented by produced. In 1951, the 1st washing machine was
History of washing machine
In 2007 In 2008 And now

Virtually waterless Washing machine

Sanyo introduced the
washing machine controlled via your
first drum washing
was invented by the smartphone from
Top loading washing machine
 Depending on the total
automatic features, this type is
also classified as:  Fully automatic washing
 Semi-automatic washing machine: there is only one
machine: This has separate tub that serves as the washer,
tubs or vessels for the washer rinser as well as the drier.
and the drier.
Front loading washing machine
In this machine the
clothes are loaded
from the front side
Parts of washing machine
 Inside a washing
machine
A block of
concrete
to balance the
equally heavy
electric motor
Inside a washing
machine
- The inner tub - The inner tub
- The outer tub with the agitator
in the middle
 Inside a washing
machine
The black metal
frame holds the
motor, gearbox and
the concrete weight.
 Plumbing
 It fills the washing machine with
the correct temperature of water.

• It recirculates the wash water from

the bottom of the wash tub back to
the top (during the wash cycle).
• It pumps water out the drain
(during the spin cycle).
Drive mechanism
 To agitate the clothes, moving them back and forth inside
the wash tub.

 To spin the entire wash tub, forcing the water out.

Pump
Washing process

Filling

Agitating

Draining

Rinsing

Spinning
 Filling

Selec
t
wate Control
r the
level temperat
ure during
the filling
cycle
 Boilers
Boiler is an apparatus to produce steam. Thermal
energy released by combustion of fuel is used to
make steam at the desired temperature and
pressure.
The steam produced is used for:
• (i) Producing mechanical work by expanding it in
steam engine or steam turbine.
• (ii) Heating the residential and industrial buildings
• (iii) Performing certain processes in the sugar mills,
chemical and textile industries.
Boiler properties:

 (i) Safety. The boiler should be safe under

operating conditions.
 (ii) Accessibility. The various parts of the boiler
should be accessible for repair and maintenance.
 (iii) Capacity. Should be capable of supplying
steam according to the requirements.
 (iv) Efficiency. Should be able to absorb a
maximum amount of heat produced due to
burning of fuel in the furnace.

 (v) It should be simple in construction .

 (vi) Its initial cost and maintenance cost should be

low.

 (vii) The boiler should have no joints exposed to

flames.

 (viii) Should be capable of quick starting and

loading.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BOILERS

• According to what flows in the TUBE

• 1. Water tube.
• 2. Fire tube.
Fire – tube Boilers
Water tube boilers
 MERITS OF WATER TUBE BOILERS
OVERFIRE TUBE BOILERS
• 1. Generation of steam is much quicker due to small
ratio of water content to steam content. This also helps
in reaching the steaming temperature in short time.

• 2. Its evaporative capacity is considerably larger and

the steam pressure range is also high-200 bar.

• 3. Heating surfaces are more effective as the hot gases

travel at right angles to the direction of water flow.
• 4. The combustion efficiency is higher because
complete combustion of fuel is possible as the
combustion space is much larger.

• 5. The thermal stresses in the boiler parts are less

as different parts of the boiler remain at uniform
temperature due to quick circulation of water.

• 6. The boiler can be easily transported and erected

as its different parts can be separated.
• 7. Damage due to the bursting of water tube is
less serious. Therefore, water tube boilers are
sometimes called safety boilers.

• 8. All parts of the water tube boilers are easily

accessible for cleaning, inspecting and repairing.

• 9. The water tube boiler's furnace area can be

easily altered to meet the fuel requirements.
 Demerits :

• 1. It is less suitable for impure and sedimentary

water, as a small deposit of scale may cause the
overheating and bursting of tube. Therefore, use
of pure feed water is essential.
• 2. They require careful attention. The
maintenance costs are higher.
• 3. Failure in feed water supply even for short
period is liable to make the boiler over-heated.
advantages of fire tube boilers are as
follows.
• (i) Low cost
• (ii) Fluctuations of steam demand can be met
easily
• (iii) It is compact in size.
Water tube boilers are classified as

• 1. Horizontal straight tube boilers

• (a) Longitudinal drum (b) Cross-drum.
• 2. Bent tube boilers
• (a) Two drum (b) Three drum
• (c) Low head three drum (d) Four drum.
• 3. Cyclone fired boilers
Fire – tube Boilers

Cochran Boiler
Fire – tube Boilers
Lancashire Boiler
 HEAT PUMP ANIMATION
Outside air flows over Air to Gas HE raising the gas temp to
outdoors temp.

Gas to Water Heat Exchanger To

Compressor Geyser
Air to Gas Heat Exchanger

From
Geyser
Expansion Valve
 HEAT PUMP ANIMATION
The Compressor compresses the refrigerant gas causing the gas to heat to temperatures
up to 55 degrees Celsius

Gas to Water Heat Exchanger To

Compressor Geyser
Air to Gas Heat Exchanger

From
Geyser
Expansion Valve
 HEAT PUMP ANIMATION
The Refrigerant heat is transferred to the water that has been circulated from the
geyser, heating the geyser water up to around 55 degrees Celcius.

Gas to Water Heat Exchanger To

Compressor Geyser
Air to Gas Heat Exchanger

From
Geyser
Expansion Valve
 HEAT PUMP ANIMATION

Gas to Water Heat Exchanger To

Compressor Geyser
Air to Gas Heat Exchanger

From
Geyser
Expansion Valve

As the heat is transferred the refrigerant gas cools down

 HEAT PUMP ANIMATION

Gas to Water Heat Exchanger To

Compressor Geyser
Air to Gas Heat Exchanger

From
Geyser
Expansion Valve

The expansion valve released the pressure of the refrigerant thus cooling it further
 HEAT PUMP ANIMATION

Gas to Water Heat Exchanger To

Compressor Geyser
Air to Gas Heat Exchanger

From
Geyser
Expansion Valve

The cooled refrigerant is then sent through the Air to Gas HE to be brought back up to
the outside temperature
 GEYSER
Def.-Any device which converts electrical
chemical or light energy into heat energy
such that it can be used to raise
temperature of water either for home or
industrial application.
 Geyser
Chemical Electric Light
energy energy energy

Converter
∆H = m S ∆T

Heat energy

Cold water Heat Hot water

exchanger
 Geyser

Application of geysers

1 Home
- Bathing
- Washing
- Cooking
- Space heating

2 Industrial
- Providing temperature for certain reactions in chemical industries.
- Running turbines to generate electricity.

3. Others
- In research labs for providing temperature for experiments and reactions.
- For sterilizing instruments in hospitals.
 Geysers

Types of geysers

1 Electric geyser
Converts electric energy to heat energy based on joules law of heating.

2 Fuel combustion geysers

Fuels like coal, LPG, wood are burnt and the heat energy generated in the
combustion process is used to heat water.

3. Solar geyser
The light radiations from sun are directly captured, converted to
heat energy and used to heat water.

4. Geothermal geyser
Heat energy directly from inside the earth is used to heat water.
 Electric geyser
Cold water in

Switch

Coil
Thermostat
Hot water out

∆H = I R2 t
Thermostat

Types of thermostats-

-Bimetallic strip type thermostat

-Mercury expansion type thermostat
-Electronic type thermostat
 Fuel combustion geyser

C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O + Heat

Cold water in
Hot water out

C+ O2 CO2 + Heat
Solar geyser

Cold
water in

Hot water
out

E=hν
Geothermal geyser
 Geyser

• Safety of geysers
1. Explosion hazard
When the water temperature exceeds 100 °C (212 °F), the water
will remain a liquid inside the tank, but when the pressure is
released as the water comes out the tap the water will boil,
potentially inflicting steam burns. Water above about 88 °C

(190 °F) will cause burns on contact .

2. Thermal burns
Human skins burns quickly at high temperature

3. Bacterial contamination
Tank temperatures above 60 °C may produce limescale
deposits, which could later harbor bacteria, in the water tank and
can contaminate the water in it.
 WELLNESS PRODUCT
• SAUNA BATH
• STEAM BATH
• JACUZZI BATH
 Sauna Bath
• SAUNA is the only bath in the world in which both dry air and damp
air are present at the same time.
• It is a small room or building designed as a place to experience dry
or wet heat sessions, or an establishment with one or more of
these facilities.
• The steam and high heat make the bathers perspire.
• Saunas can be divided into two basic types: conventional saunas
that warm the air or infrared saunas that warm objects.
• Infrared saunas may use a variety of materials in their heating area
such as charcoal, active carbon fibers, and other materials.
• SAUNA is a process—pure and simple—a sensual pleasure. It is the
body’s natural way to cleanse itself through perspiration. The high
heat (average of 160° to 180°F) and the low humidity (about 25%)
create an environment which promotes over-all perspiration and
the deepest cleansing of pores of any bath in the world.
 Advantages
• Sauna helps to maintain clear, healthy skin and
the rate of blood circulation increases, the rate of
breathing increases, and the pulse rate is faster.
Ten minutes of sauna is like 10 minutes of
exercise for the heart.
• There are no harmful chemicals being absorbed
into the body (instead, the body’s poisons are
removed through perspiration).
• There are no plumbing parts to freeze or repair,
and there are no moisture problems for other
areas of the house or building (
 Sauna Bath Components
• Foil Vapor Barrier: reflects heat energy back in and keeps moisture out of walls. Paper backed foil
installs with stapler, foil side facing you.

• Sauna Wood Paneling: tongue & groove style boards for walls and ceiling. Popular sauna wood
types are Red Cedar, White Cedar and Aspen.

• Sauna Benches: a popular design is to have wall mounted rails so benches can easily be lifted out
for cleaning sauna. Popular wood types Red Cedar or White Basswood. Backrests help keep walls
clean and allow airflow behind you.

• Sauna Heater: Models to fit small 4x4' home saunas up to large commercial saunas. Electric sauna
heaters are most convenient and popular. Natural Gas / Propane sauna heaters and wood burning
sauna stoves are also available.
• Sauna Door: Popular pre-hung types are all wood T&G paneled doors with optional insulated glass
units or all glass bronze tinted panel doors. Sauna doors are typically smaller than regular doors for
minimal heat loss when entering. For safety, sauna doors swing out and use a non-locking ball latch.

• Sauna Vents: Fresh air ventilation is very important for people and sauna wood care (evaporates
absorbed moisture). Typically a small inlet vent is placed in wall near heater and larger vent with
sliding door below top bench.
• Stainless Steel Nails: Fit many finish nailer guns, for fast installation of T&G sauna woods. Will last
the lifetime of the sauna without corroding and leaving dark streaks/stains on precious sauna
woods like other types of fasteners can.
• Sauna Lighting: Special designed fixtures are made for high-heat humid sauna use. Popular sauna
lights have aluminum fixtures and white glass vapor proof shade with gaskets. Incandescent light
bulbs are usually only type for high heat use.
• Sauna Accessories: No sauna project is complete without a sauna bucket & ladle, and thermometer
/ hygrometer. Sand timers are a great way to time sauna sessions in 15 minute intervals.
White Aspen: clear (no knots), non-allergenic, matches Basswood Benches, 3/4" thick
Western Red Cedar: clear (no knots), classic aromatic scent, available in 1/2" or 11/16"
thick
White Cedar: rustic knotty look, 3/4" thick.
for a finished look to a custom sauna, includes 3/4" cove molding trim for wall corners
/ ceiling, beveled door casing / window trim and 3/4" x 3-1/2" baseboard trim. Choice
of Basswood to match Aspen walls or Cedar to match Western Red Cedar walls.

A Sauna Heater: For Traditional Finnish sauna experience, pour water on rocks for
steam, or just use dry heat if preferred. Choose convenient electric, traditional wood
burning stoves or natural gas/propane stoves to fit any size custom sauna room.
A Heater Guard: Protects people from accidentally bumping into hot stove. Choice of
white Basswood or Cedar. Commercial quality heavy duty triple support design with
leg and rubber foot pad. 2-sided for corner mounted heaters or 3-sided for center of
wall mounted heaters.
 Steam Bath
• A steambath is a steam-filled room for the
purpose of relaxation and cleansing
• It is an easy and cost effective solution that
helps you to detoxify, rejuvenate, opens pours
of your dead skin and hence resulting in faster
blood circulation level.
• You can keep it anywhere and it occupies very
little space.
• It is very easy and convenient to use and carry.
• Occupies very Little space
• Easy to fold & carry
• Thick material of Nitrile Rubber is used which is used in
Bomb Squad & Fire Brigade to maintain the proper
insulation
• Comes with a remote so you can use it alone.
• 3 levels of temerature control for children, Women &
Men as per their skin sentivity.
• Closed from bottom with Nitrile rubber unlike other
steam baths which are open from bottom and can only
be used in bathroom.
 Specifications
Commodity Portable Steam Bath
Voltage 220/230V (50-60 Hz)
Power 850 Watts
Capacity of Water 1.5 ltrs
Time Setting 60 min max
 Compnents
Steamer Pot
Steam Chamber
Steam Pipe
Optical Glass rods (Unbreakable)
Remote
Pot with holes on the cap to circulate the steam all across chamber
equally
 Jccuzi Bath
• A hot tub is a large tub or small pool full of heated
water used for hydrotherapy, relaxation or pleasure.
• Some have powerful jets for massage purposes. Hot
tubs are sometimes also known as spas or by the trade
name Jacuzzi.
• n contrast to a typical bathtub, a hot tub is designed to
be used by more than one person at a time, with many
models accommodating four people.
• Hot tubs are usually located outdoors, although they
can be installed indoors. Also, the water in a hot tub is
not changed with each use, but is kept sanitary using
methods similar to those used for swimming pool
sanitation.
• Another difference between baths and hot tubs is that
soaps and shampoos are not used in wet-jetted hot
tubs
 Plumbing of the Jaccuzi
The plumbing of the Jaccuzi consists of:
• A pressure system delivering water to the jets
• A suction system returning water to the pumps.
• A filtration system: the plumbing has to incorporate a filter
system to help clean the water. Some models use a
separate small 24/7 filter pump while others use
programmed settings of the main pumps.
• Induced air: The jets may use a venturi effect to incorporate
air into the water stream for a lighter massage effect; this
requires another set of hoses.
• Some models use an air blower to force air through a
separate set of jets for a different "bubbly" massage effect;
this is a separate system from the induced air.
• An ozone system: ozonation is a common adjunct to water
maintenance, and if installed will have its own set of hoses
and fittings.
 Types
• Portable vinyl-liner hot tub: these are cheaper and smaller, and require
less power, e.g. 110-120 V 15 A household power circuits in North
America.
• Roto-molded hot tubs are constructed with the shell and surrounding
cabinet as a single piece. They have molded seating.
• Acrylic: these hot tubs have a cast acrylic shell, supported by a frame
structure, and are usually surrounded by a skirt of either cedar or
simulated wood-grain plastic. They typically can seat two to seven persons
or more.
• Cement: hot tubs can also be built of cement, above-ground, or in-ground
like a small swimming pool.
• Wooden hot tubs: round wooden hot tubs peaked in popularity in the
1970s, having now been replaced by modern construction methods.
Wooden hot tubs are often made of redwood or cedar and assembled
from vertical staves and the structure is held together like wooden barrels,
with metal bands.
• Stainless steel hot tubs can be made in any shape and size and are
extremely durable.
• Glasfiber hot tub: glass reinforced polyester (GRP) hot tubs have made of
a plastic matrix reinforced by fine fibers of glass.
• Inflatable PVC hot tubs
 Sanitation and water quality
• Since hot tubs are not drained after each use one must
be careful to treat the water to keep it attractive and
safe. It must be neither too alkaline nor too acidic, and
must be sanitised to stay free of harmful
microorganisms.
• Typically chlorine or bromine are used as sanitizers,
but salt water chlorination is starting to become more
common. Hot tubs should also be periodically shocked,
which means oxidizing or breaking down organic
material left behind from the sanitizer, as well as non-
filterable material such as soap films and perspiration.
• For aesthetic reasons, and for the sanitizer to work
properly, water should be neither too alkaline nor too
acidic (low pH). The hardness level water, measured as
the amount of dissolved calcium, is also important.
Insufficient hardness can lead to corrosion and water
foaming
 Safety
• Sitting in water above normal body temperatures can
cause drowsiness which may lead to unconsciousness
and subsequently result in drowning.
• The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
recommends that water temperatures never exceed 40
degrees Celsius. A temperature of 37 degrees is
considered safe for a healthy adult.
• Soaking in water above 39 degrees Celsius can cause
fetal damage during the first three months of
pregnancy.
• Poorly santised hot-tubs have been linked to a number
of diseases, principally caused by facultative aerobic
bacteria. Such incidents include Hot tub
folliculitis and Legionellosis.
 Bath and Water Fixtures
• Single-lever mixers permit the fast selection of
temperature and flow with one single operating
element and one hand. The other hand is free to
check whether the water temperature is right.
Typical applications for single-lever mixers:
washbasins, showers and baths.
• Quarter Turn 1/4 turn disc (with standard
handles) are often installed at the owners
request, as they offer a faster action, than the ¾
turn from the off to on position.
• Standard ¼ turn taps for both the hot and cold
water turn anti-clockwise from off to on position.
 Features of Single lever
• Comfort Zone 100
• projection 108 mm
• normal spray
• flow rate: 5 l/min
• ceramic cartridge
• temperature limitation adjustable
• pop-up waste set G 1¼
• suitable for continuous flow water heaters
• connection dimension: DN15
• A bathtub, bath, or tub (informal) is a large or small container for
holding water in which a person or a persons pet may bathe. Most
modern bathtubs are made of thermoformed acrylic, porcelain
enameled steel, fiberglass-reinforced polyester, or porcelain
enameled cast iron. A bathtub is usually placed in
a bathroom either as a stand-alone fixture or in conjunction with
a shower.
• Modern bathtubs have overflow and waste drains and may have
taps mounted on them. They are usually built-in, but may be free-
standing or sometimes sunken. Until recently, most bathtubs were
roughly rectangular in shape but with the advent of
acrylic thermoformed baths, more shapes are becoming available.
Bathtubs are commonly white in colour although many other
colours can be found. The process for enamelling cast iron bathtubs
was invented by the Scottish-born American David Dunbar Buick.
• Two main styles of bathtub are common:
• Western style bathtubs in which the bather lies down. These baths
are typically shallow and long.
• Eastern style bathtubs in which the bather sits up. These are known
as ofuro in Japan and are typically short and deep.
• The clawfoot tub or claw-foot tub was considered a luxury item in the late
19th century, originally made from cast iron and lined with porcelain.
Modern technology has contributed to a drop in the price of clawfoot
tubs, which may now be made of fiberglass, acrylic or other modern
materials. Clawfoot tubs usually require more water than a standard
bathtub, because generally they are larger. While true antique clawfoot
tubs are still considered collectible items, new reproduction clawfoot tubs
are chosen by remodellers and new home builders[2] and much like the
Western-style bathtubs, clawfoot tubs can also include a variety of shower
head options.
• Clawfoot tubs come in 4 major styles:
• Wooden bathtubs for children and infants in Haikou, Hainan, China
• Classic roll rim tubs, also called roll top tubs or flat rim tubs as seen in the
picture above.
• Slipper tubs - where one end is raised and sloped creating a more
comfortable lounging position.
• Double slipper tubs - where both ends are raised and sloped.
• Double ended tubs - where both ends of the tub are rounded. Notice how
one end of the classic tub is rounded and one is fairly flat.
• Pedestal tubs[edit]
• Pedestal tubs rests on a pedestal in what most would term an art deco style.
Evidence of pedestal tubs dates back to the Isle of Crete in 1000 BC.
• Baby bathtub[edit]
• A baby bathtub is one used for bathing infants, especially those not yet old enough
to sit up on their own. These can be either a small, stand-alone bath that is filled
with water from another source, or a device for supporting the baby that is placed
in a standard bathtub. Many are designed to allow the baby to recline while
keeping its head out of the water.
• Jacuzzi whirlpool bathtub
• Hot tubs[edit]
• Hot tubs are common heated pools used for relaxation and sometimes for therapy.
The "hippie" era (1967–1980) popularized them in America in songs and movies.[3]
• Whirlpool tubs[edit]
• Whirlpool tubs first became popular in America during the 1960s and 70s. A spa or
hot tub is also called a "jacuzzi" since the word became a generic after plumbing
component manufacturer Jacuzzi introduced the "Spa Whirlpool" in 1968. Air
bubbles may be introduced into the nozzles via an air-bleed venturi pump.
 Standard
• Converting 60”L x 30”W x 20”H equal
1524mm x 762mm x 508mm. But the factor of
standards has to be taken into consideration.
For many countries 5” wall to wall size is not a
size of any construction standards and 180cm
x 70cm x 45cm with a 140 liters capacity will
not be considering as a custom dimensions
• Health Faucets are hand-held devices that come with
a triggered nozzle, similar to a hand shower or a
kitchen sink spray that delivers a jet of water to assist
in cleansing and cleaning after urination of defecation.
• The health faucet is a source of water for people who
prefer using water rather than other methods of
cleansing after defecation or urination. There is no
contact between the spray of water and the used water
drainage.
• The user typically grasps the faucet in the right hand
and uses the thumb or forefinger (depending on the
trigger location) to aim a spray of water at the anus or
genitals, sometimes using the left hand (never the right
hand in many cultures) or toilet paper to assist
cleansing.
 Rain Showers
• A shower is a place in which a person bathes under
a spray of typically warm or hot water. Indoors, there is a
drain in the floor. Most showers have temperature, spray
pressure and adjustable showerhead nozzle.
• The simplest showers have a swivelling nozzle aiming down
on the user, while more complex showers have a
showerhead connected to a hose that has a mounting
bracket. This allows the showerer to spray the water at
different parts of their body. A shower can be installed in a
small shower stall or bathtub with a plastic shower curtain
or door.
• Showering is common in Western culture due to the
efficiency of using it compared with a bathtub. Its use
in hygiene is, therefore, common practice.[1] A shower uses
less water on average than a bath: 80 litres for a shower
compared with 150 litres for a bath
• Types of shower heads
• Fixed shower heads—Traditional fixed shower-heads are mostly common
shower-faucets because as they can easily connect to the plumbing
fixtures with-out any additional hardware.
• Shower handsets—Hand-set shower-faucets are connected by a flexible
hose, and can also mounted and used like a fixed shower-head.
• Ceiling-mounted faucets—Ceiling-mounted shower-faucets are typically
rain-drop shower-heads mounted in one shower ceiling. Water-rains
down, at low or medium pressure, using the gravity to shower on one
from directly above.[19]
• Adjustable shower heads—Adjustable shower faucets often have
numerous settings, including the pulsating massage settings and high-
pressure.
• Shower panels—Unlike a single showerhead, these are wall-mounted with
sprayers aimed horizontally at various parts of the body
• Some shower areas utilize a second emergency drain outside of the
shower in case of overflow.
• A shower head is a perforated nozzle that distributes water
over solid angle a focal point of use, generally overhead the
bather. A shower uses less water than a full immersion in a
bath.
• Some shower heads can be adjusted to spray different
patterns of water, such as massage, gentle spray, strong
spray, and intermittent pulse or combination modes.
• Hard water may result in calcium and magnesium deposits
clogging the head, reducing the flow and changing the
spray pattern. For descaling, various acidic chemicals or
brushes can be used or some heads have rubber-like jets
that can be manually descaled. A homemade remedy is to
immerse it in a solution of water and vinegar for a while,
since the vinegar is able to dissolve limescale.
 Multi Jet Bath
• Jetted bathtubs offer a range of features that
increase the comfort and luxury in which you take
your bath. Water jets, air jets and combination
air-water jets are the 3 different types of jets
used in these tubs. Before you invest in a jetted
bathtub, there are several factors to consider,
including the size and weight of a filled jetted tub,
the structural changes you may have to make, the
price, and the differences between the different
types. Some of the major pros and cons of the
different types of jetted tubs are described
below.
• Bathtubs with Water Jets
• In a water jetted bathtub, there are multiple jets that propel water in a
forceful stream. A central pump circulates the water around the tub and
back. A water jetted bathtub features multiple jets, usually from 4 to 12 in
number. Water jets can be adjusted to provide a strong massage by
varying the pressure of the water. Because of the intricate design, the
pump and the functionality of water jetted bathtubs, they tend to be more
costly than air jetted bathtubs.
• As far as the advantages of water jetted bathtubs are concerned, the most
important one is the increased luxury and massaging pressure provided.
There are also a few drawbacks to consider. Because the water is
circulated repeatedly between the tub and pump, there is an increased
chance of contaminants entering the interior of the tub. This makes a
water jetted bathtub difficult to clean and maintain. Regular maintenance
is required to prevent unsanitary conditions in the tub. Also, the use of
aromatherapy oils, soaps and bath salts is forbidden in a water jetted
bathtub. This is because the particles will be very difficult to remove after
use, and the buildup of residue can be damaging to the system
• Jetted Bathtubs: Water Jets vs Air Jets
• Jetted bathtubs offer a range of features that increase the comfort and luxury in which you take your bath. Water jets, air
jets and combination air-water jets are the 3 different types of jets used in these tubs. Before you invest in a jetted bathtub,
there are several factors to consider, including the size and weight of a filled jetted tub, the structural changes you may have
to make, the price, and the differences between the different types. Some of the major pros and cons of the different types
of jetted tubs are described below.
• Bathtubs with Water Jets
• In a water jetted bathtub, there are multiple jets that propel water in a forceful stream. A central pump circulates the water
around the tub and back. A water jetted bathtub features multiple jets, usually from 4 to 12 in number. Water jets can be
adjusted to provide a strong massage by varying the pressure of the water. Because of the intricate design, the pump and
the functionality of water jetted bathtubs, they tend to be more costly than air jetted bathtubs.
• As far as the advantages of water jetted bathtubs are concerned, the most important one is the increased luxury and
massaging pressure provided. There are also a few drawbacks to consider. Because the water is circulated repeatedly
between the tub and pump, there is an increased chance of contaminants entering the interior of the tub. This makes a
water jetted bathtub difficult to clean and maintain. Regular maintenance is required to prevent unsanitary conditions in the
tub. Also, the use of aromatherapy oils, soaps and bath salts is forbidden in a water jetted bathtub. This is because the
particles will be very difficult to remove after use, and the buildup of residue can be damaging to the system.
• Bathtubs with Air Jets
• A jetted bathtub that uses air jets functions by streaming air into the water. The air jets are much higher in number as
compared to the water jets, sometimes ranging up to 120. However, the massaging action is not as forceful compared to
water jets. Air jetted bathtubs use an air compressor that enables the projection of air through the jets.
• Air jetted bathtubs are cheaper than water jetted models of the same size. This is because the mechanism is not as complex
as that of a water jetted model. Also, the maintenance aspect is much easier than that of a water jetted bathtub. You can
use soap and oils in an air jetted bathtub, because there is no chance of contamination and residue buildup.
Combination Jetted Bathtubs
The most expensive option of all, a combination jetted bathtub uses air jets and
water jets. You can choose to include one or both of these when you take a bath.
Combination jetted bathtubs offer all the best features of both systems, but they may
be difficult to maintain and can require regular cleaning. The added cost may also
discourage some potential buyers.