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BERNOULLI’S

EQUATION
5.1 The Energy Balance For A Steady,
Incompressible Flow

Energy balance is

e. q (5.1)
e. q (5.1) has following restrictions :

1. Electrostatic, magnetic and surface energies are


negligible
2. The contents of the system are uniform
3. The inflow and outflow stream are uniform
4. The acceleration of gravity is constant
dmin equal dmout and allows us to divide through by
dmin to find

(5.2)
Regrouping and multiplying by – 1 produces

(5.3)
5.2 The Friction Heating Term

Temperature of friction increases are less for the following reasons :

1. The amount of frictional work per unit mass in typical flow


problems in generally less than in the examples cited above
2. The heat capacity of liquids are generally greater
than that of solids.
for constant density materials (gas, liquid, solid) the
only other way that the internal energy per unit
mass can change is through external heating or
cooling. Thus :
Friction heating per unit mass a new symbol :

(5.6)

Final working form of Bernoulli Equation :

(5.7)
5.3 Zero Flow
The basic equation of fluid statics is a limited form of
Eq. 5.7. if we apply that equation between any two
points in a fluid at rest, there is no external work or
friction, so :

(5.8)

Rearranging, we find

(5.9)

or (5.10)
5.4 THE HEAD FORM OF BERNOULLI’S
EQUATION

Head form of Bernoulli’s Equation :

(5.11)

Every term in e.q 5.11 has the dimension of a


length. The lengths are at least conceptually
convertible to elevation ∆z above some datum
plane. These elevations are commonly referred to
as heads. Thus, we refer to the various term in E.q
5.11 as a pressure head, gravity head, velocity
head, pump or turbine head, and friction head loss.
5.5 DIFFUSERS AND SUDDEN EXPANSIONS
A diffusers is a gradually expanding pipe or duct, as
sketched in fig. 5.2. writing Bernoulli’s Equation for
the pipe between locations 1 and 2, we find

=- (5.12)

From the mass balance for a constant density fluid


we find

(5.13)
And Substituting for V₂ in Eq. 5.12, we find
(5.14)

Sudden Expansion
Bernoulli’s Equation for between poitns 1 and 2, we find

(5.15)
5.6 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION FOR GASES

From figure 5.4. at point 1 the velocity is negligible and


as discussed in sec. 5.5, the pressure at point 2 is equal
to the local atmospheric pressure, if the flow is
subsonic. Making these insertions in Bernoulli’s
Equation, we Find

(5.16)
The perfect gas law,

So, we find
(5.17)

Aplication of Bernoulli’s Equation to a simple horizontal


pump or compressor with equal sized inlet and outlet
pipes leads to

(5.18)

If we ignore friction, the equation becomes


(5.19)
5.7 TORRICELLI’S EQUATION AND ITS VARIANTS

Examples : The tank in fig 5.5 is full of water and open


at the top. There is a hole near the bottom, the
diameter of which is small compared with the diameter
of tank. What is the velocity of the flow out the hole ?
Subjects to these restrictions, we write :

Here z₂ - z₁ = -h, so (5.20)

We find Torricelli’s Equation with substituting the


numerical value :
5.8 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION FOR FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENT
A. PITOT TUBE
writing Bernoulli’s equation between
location 1 and 2 yields
(5.23)

but inside the pitot tube the fluid is not


moving, so the pressure at location 2 is given
by

(5.24)
If all the fluid flow is in the horizontal direction, then
the basic equation of fluid static can be used to find
the vertical change in pressure with depth, so that
(5.25)

Substituting Eq 5.24 and 5.25 in Eq 5.23 and


rearranging, we find
(5.26)

The friction heating term in Eq 5.26 is normally less


than 1 percent of the total, it may be ignored and
given
(5.27)
B. PITOT STATIC TUBE
The pitot tube shown in Fig 5.6 is suitable for open
channel flow but not for flow of the atmosphere of
flow in pipes.
The pressure at point 2 given by E.q 5.23. the
pressure are different between point 2 and the inlet of
the pressure difference matter due to the weigth of
fluid in the tube connecting them. Pressure difference
due to gravity from point 1 to other side and that
pressure different matter really measures P₂ - P₁.
(5.28)
B. PITOT STATIC TUBE
C. VENTURI METER
C. VENTURI METER
Figure 5.8 shows a horizontal venturi meter. Applying
Bernoulli’s Equation between locations 1 and 2 and
neglecting friction , we find
(5.29)

Using the mass balance for a constant density fluid, we can


write V₁ in terms of V₂, A₂, and A₁. Substituting in Eq 5.29
and rearranging, we find
(5.30)

We can see example 5.7. and 5.8 in page 154


D. ORIFICE METER

As shown in Fig 5.11, the orifice meter consist of a


flat orifice plate with a circular hole drilled in it. There is
a pressure tap upstream from the orifice plate and
another just downstream. If the flow direction is
horizontal and we apply Bernoulli’s Equation, ignoring
friction from point 1 to point 2, we find Eq. 5.30
As in the case of venturi meter, experiment indicate
that if we introduce a discharge coefficient and thus
from E.q 5.31, than that coefficient is a fairly simple
function of the ratio of the diameter of the orifice hole
to the diameter of the pipe and the reynold
number. The relation is shown in Fig 5.12.
E. ROTAMETERS

A rotameter uses a fixed pressure difference and a variable


geometry, which is a simple function of a flow rate. Fig 5.13
shows a schematic view of a simple rotameter.
Suppose the flow is upward as shown in Fig 5.13 is steady
so that the ball is not moving and is fast enough to hold the
ball steadily suspended in the flow. If we make a force
balance around the ball, we find
(5.35)
If we assume that the pressure below the ball is practically
uniform across the ball’s lower surface and similarly for the
pressure across the ball’s upper surface, we find

(5.36)

From Bernoulli’s Equation, we Find

But (A₂/A₁)² is generally much less than 1, so we can drop


the last term above. Making these substituting in E.q 5.36
and solving for V₂, we find
(5.37)
There is only one possible value of V₂ that will keep the ball
steadily suspended. Thus for any flow rate Q, the ball must
move to that elevation in the tapered tube where V₂=Q/A₂.
But :
(5.38)
5.9 NAVIGATE ABSOLUTE PRESSURE CAVIATION

In certain flows Bernoulli’s equation can predict


negative absolute pressure, as shown by example 5.10.
In liquid negative absolute pressure can exist under very
rate condition but they are unstable. Normally when the
absolute pressure on a liquid is reduced to the vapor
pressure of the liquid, the liquid boils.
When Bernoulli’s equation predicts a pressure less then
the vapor pressure of a liquid, the flow as calculated is
physically impossible.
5.10. BERNOULLI’S EQUATION FOR UNSTEADY FLOWS

Bernoulli’s equation is steady flow equation. However it


can be applied successfully to some unsteady flows. To
decide how slow the change must be to be ignored, we
reason as follows.
For a steady flow, is zero. That means that
although an observer riding with the fluid would observe a
change in velocity with respect to time.
For unsteady flow effect if for all point in the
system is small compared with the acceleration. Example,
acceleration of gravity or the acceleration due to pressure
force . If, however at any point in the
system is comparable to the largest of other acceleration
5.11. NONUNIFORM FLOWS

Fig 5.18 shows schematically the flow in an open channel


with phases over a sharp edged weir. At 1, far upstream
from the weir, the velocity is presumably uniform equal to
V₁. The elevation ranging from z = 0 to z = z₁. The gauge
pressure ranging from zero at the free surface to P = ρgz₁ at
the bottom.
The same is not true at 2. we can thus write Bernoulli’s
equation between an arbitrary upstream point at one and
some elevation z at point 2. Because the sum P/ρ + gz is
constant at 1, we choose z = z₁, for which P₁ = 0 and we
write :
(5.39)
Ignoring this disagreement between Eq 5.39. to simplify
the integration we measure elevation downward from the
surface, defining h = z₁ - z, and write

Normally V₁ is small enough that we can drop it from the


right site of the above equation and we integrate to find
(5.40)
tugas
5.7 & 5.12; 5.20 & 5.30
REFERENCES:
1.C. J. Geankoplis, Transport Process and Unit Operations, Edisi
ke-3, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1993
2.F. A. Holland dan R. Bragg, Fluid Flow for Chemical Engineers,
Edisi ke-2, Edward Arnold, London, 1995
3.W. L. McCabe, J. C. Smith dan P. Harriot, Unit Operations of
Chemical Engineering, Edisi ke-5, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc.,
New York, 1993
4.N. De Nevers, Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers,
McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., New York, 1991

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