Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Basic Chemistry I
Gasal 2011/2012
Chemistry
?
• The science of composition, structure,
properties, and reaction of matter.
1. Inorganic chemistry
It deals with all elements but carbon, as well as
with some carbon compounds derived mainly
from mineral sources.
2. Organic chemistry
Concern with compounds containing the element
carbon derived from living organisms.
Why does soda fizz when
you open the bottle?
How to make candy?
How pop corn pops?
Substance:
A particular kind of matter
with a definite, fixed
composition.
Element:
• A substance that cannot be broken down into other
substances by chemical methods.
• Examples of elements are iron, aluminum, oxygen, and
hydrogen.
• Elements are defined by the number of protons they
possess.
Compound:
• A substance compose of a given combination of
elements that can be broken down into those elements
by chemical methods. Ex: water
Mixture:
• Something that has variable composition.
• Mixtures can be separated into pure substances:
elements and/or compounds.
• Mixtures can be classified as either homogeneous (ex:
salt solution) or heterogeneous.
Matter
Pure substances
Mixture of two or
(homogenous composi-
more substances
tion)
Solutions
Heterogenous
(homogenous
Elements Compounds Mixture (two or
composition-one
More phases)
phase)
Atom
the fundamental unit of a chemical substance
(Greek, atomos: uncut-able)
An atom is the smallest possible particle of an
element; extremely small
Molecule
A combination of two or more atoms held
together in a specific shape by attractive forces
Most chemistry deals with the behavior of
molecules
Atomic Theory
And Structure
The development of atomic theory
• Democritus (470-380 BC)
atomos: indivisible; the smallest bit of matter that cannot be
divided further
• Aristotle (384-322 BC) & others
no matter how small the portion of matter, it remains uniform
in composition.
• John Dalton (1766-1844)
• J. Jakob Berzelius (1779-1848)
Substances always combine in fixed proportions
• J.J. Thomson (1890s)
The atoms of any element can be made to emit
tiny negative particles, called electrons.
• Ernest Rutherford
Nuclear atom—an atom with a dense center of
positive charge (the nucleus) around which tiny
electrons moved in a space that was otherwise
empty.
Atomic theory
• Gravitational force
- Every mass exerts a gravitational attraction on all
other masses
• Electrical force
- For tiny objects electrical for is the most important
Coulomb’s law
• Magnetism
- A charged object in motion is also subject to
magnetism
• Electrons
- Experiments that used electrical force
electrodes atoms are made up of smaller
fragments that possess + & - charges
- J.J.Thomson a cathode ray tube able
to calculate
mass
number
A
Z
X
atomic number
• Isotopes
- Two atoms with the same number of protons but
different numbers of neutrons
- Usually specified by giving its mass number (A)
- E.g.: hydrogen, uranium
• Atomic masses
• The mass of an atom is related to the number of
electrons, protons and neutrons in the atom
atomic mass unit (amu).
• We usually use the average atomic mass.
x x
Mass of Number of
substance moles Avogadro’s atoms
Molar mass
number
: :
• Empirical formula
Indicates which elements are present and the
simplest whole-number ratio of their atoms.
Ex:
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 2 atoms H & 2
atoms O ratio H:O = 2:2 or 1:1 the
empirical formula is HO.
Hydrazine (N2H4 ) NH2
• Molecular mass
The sum of the atomic masses in the molecule.
Charged atoms : Ions
• Conservation of atoms
- Atoms are neither created nor destroyed
- Atoms are conserved in chemical & physical
processes
• Conservation of electrons
• Conservation of mass
- Mass is neither created nor destroyed during
physical & chemical transformations
The conservation of atoms, electrons, & mass is
the fundamental principle of stochiometry
Conservation of energy:
“Energy is neither created nor destroyed in any
process, although it may be transferred from
one body to another or converted from one
form into another”.
Forms of energy:
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Chemical energy
- Thermal energy
- Radiant energy