Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Outline
• Maxwell Equations
• Constitutive Relations
• Lossy Medium
• Metamaterials
• Boundary Conditions
• Wave Equations
• Wave Propagation
• Polarization
• Plane Wave Reflection and Refraction
• Poynting Vector

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Maxwell Equations
From Wikipedia

Name Differential form Integral form

Gauss's law  D    D  ds  Q
S

Gauss's law for magnetism B  0  B  ds  0

S

B   B  ds
Maxwell–Faraday equation
 E  
(Faraday's law of induction) t  E  dl  
l
S
t
Ampère's circuital law D   D  ds
 H  J 
(with Maxwell's correction)
t  H  dl  I 
l
S
t

The asymmetry in Maxwell Equations is due to the absence of the magnetic monopole!

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Definitions and Units

From Wikipedia
Symbol Meaning (first term is the most common) SI Unit of Measure
electric field
E also called the electric field intensity
V/m

magnetic field
also called the magnetic induction T
B also called the magnetic field density Wb/m2
also called the magnetic flux density
electric displacement field
D also called the electric induction
also called the electric flux density
C/m2

magnetizing field
also called auxiliary magnetic field
A/m
H also called magnetic field intensity
also called magnetic field

permittivity of free space, also called the electric constant, a universal constant F/m

permeability of free space, also called the magnetic constant, a universal constant H/m

total charge density (including both free and bound charge) C/m3

J total current density (including both free and bound current) A/m2

net electric charge within the three-dimensional volume V (including both free and bound charge) C

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Constitutive Relations
Uniform and Isotropic Materials

D  E B  H J  E

   r 0 εr relative dielectric constant

ε0 dielectric constant in free space (8.854e-12)

   r 0 µr relative permeability
µ0 permeability in free space (4πe-7)

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Lossy Medium
D   0 E  Pe   0 E   0  e E   0 (1   e ) E  E

   ' j " Complex Permittivity

For materials with conductivity:

D  
 H  J   E  jE  j   ' j " j  E
t  

 "
tan   Loss tangent
 '

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Anisotropic Medium

 xx  xy  xz 
 
D   yx  yy  yz  E
 zx  zy  zz 


Tensor

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Left-Handed Metamaterials
What if ε and µ are negative?

Negative Refraction Demo at

Microwave Frequencies (UCSD)
Negative Refraction

Cloaking (Duke)

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Boundary Conditions

nˆ1  E1  E2   0 nˆ2  B1  B2   0

nˆ2  ( D1  D2 )   s nˆ1  ( H1  H 2 )  H s

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Wave Equations
In vacuum and charge free space:

D  0  2E
    E     B   0 0 2
B  0 t t
B  2H
 E       H     D   0 0 2
t t t
D
 H 
t Identity:    V  ( V )   2V

 2
E
 2 E  0 0 2  0
t Helmholtz equation
 2
H
 2 H  0 0 2  0
t

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Solve Helmholtz Equations

The general solution to the electromagnetic wave equation is a linear superposition of waves of the form:

E (r , t )  g (t  k  r ) E (r , t )  g (t  k  r )
H (r , t )  g (t  k  r ) H (r , t )  g (t  k  r )
Forward Wave Backward Wave

  2f Angular frequency (rad/s)

 2
k  Wave number
c0 0

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Wave Propagation in Lossless Medium

Assume a uniform (no variations in x and y directions) plane wave travelling in +z direction

xˆ yˆ zˆ
B    B E x H y
 E     
t x y z t z t
Ex Ey Ez
H y E x
D  
 H  Practice by yourself
z t
t

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Wave Propagation in Lossless Medium

For time harmonic cases

E x H y dE x d 2 Ex
    jH y   2
Ex
z t dz dz 2

H yE x dH y d 2H y
    jEx   2 H y
z t dz dz 2

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Wave Propagation in Lossless Medium

The E and H field expressions for a plane wave:


Ex  E e   jz
E e   jz   Propagation constant
0 0 v 1 /  (rad/m)

H y  H 0 e jz  H 0e jz 0

 Wavelength (m)
r r
E0 E0
z     Wave Impedance (ohm)
H0 H0
z

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Wave Propagation in Lossy Medium

B dE x
  jH y
d 2 Ex   
 E      1  j
2
 Ex
t dz dz 2
  
D dH y
 (  j ) Ex
d 2H y   
 H  J    2  1  j H y
t dz dz 2   

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Wave Propagation in Lossy Medium


Ex  E e   z
E e   z
  j  1  j    j
0 0

H y  H 0ez  H 0ez Complex propagation constant

 Attenuation constant

 Propagation constant

For low-loss materials



 0.1 1  x 1 / 2  1  x
2

   
  j  1  j  j  1  j  z
  2 
  1   
     1  j 
       2 
2 1 j


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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Wave Propagation in Conductors

B dE x d 2 Ex
 E     jH y  jE x
t dz dz 2

D dH y
 E x d 2H y
 H  J   jH y
t dz
dz 2

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Wave Propagation in Conductors

  z   z
 
Ex  E e 0 E e 0

 z  z   j  f  j f

Hy  H e 0 H e 0

1
s 
f Skin depth

The field intensity is reduced to 1/e of the incident

fiend when the field travels one skin depth

1 j
s  Complex wave impedance
 s
The E field phase is 45 degree ahead of the H
field phase

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Polarization
A Plane Wave Travelling in z direction:

E  E x xˆ  E y yˆ  ( E x 0 xˆ  E y 0 yˆ )e  jkz  E x 0 e j x xˆ  E y 0 e
j y

yˆ e  jkz

Ex ( z, t )  Ex 0 cos(t  kz  x )
E y ( z, t )  E y 0 cos(t  kz   y )

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Polarization
Let    y  x

E y ( z, t ) E y 0 cos(t  kz   x   )
tan   
Ex ( z, t ) E x 0 cos(t  kz   x )

E y 0 cos  cos(t  kz   x )  sin  sin( t  kz   x ))


Ex0 cos(t  kz   x )

Ey0
 cos   sin  tan( t  kz  x )
Ex0

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Polarization
Let’s see how α changes with time

d (tan  ) d (tan  ) d

dt d dt

Ey0
 ( sin  ) sec 2 (t  kz   x )
d d (tan  ) d (tan  ) Ex0
 / 
dt dt d 1  tan 2 

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

y
Polarization
1. If δ=0 or pi, dα/dt=0, α is constant
α
x
Linear Polarization

z
2. If 0<δ<pi, dα/dt<0,
Left Handed Polarization

3. If -pi<δ<0, dα/dt>0,

Right Handed Polarization

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Polarization
Ex ( z, t )
Ex ( z, t )  Ex 0 cos(t  kz  x ) cos(t  kz  x ) 
Ex 0
E y ( z, t )  E y 0 cos(t  kz   y )  E y 0 cos(t  kz   x   )

 E y 0 cos(t  kz   x ) cos   sin( t  kz   x ) sin  

E y ( z, t ) Ex ( z, t )
 cos   sin( t  kz  x ) sin 
Ey0 Ex 0

2
Ex ( z, t ) E y ( z, t )  Ex ( z, t ) 
cos    1    sin 

Ex0 Ey0  E x 0 

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Polarization

 
2
 E ( z, t ) 
2
E ( z , t )  E ( z , t ) 
 x cos     1   x   sin 2 
y

 Ex 0 E y 0    Ex 0  
 

2
E ( z, t ) E ( z, t ) 2
Ex ( z, t ) E y ( z, t )   Ex ( z, t )   2
2

cos   2 cos   1     sin 

x 2 y

  E x 0  
2 2
Ex0 Ey0 Ex0 Ey0
 

Ex2 ( z, t ) E y2 ( z, t ) Ex ( z, t ) E y ( z, t )
2
 2
2 cos   sin 2 
Ex 0 Ey0 Ex 0 Ey0

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Polarization

An ellipse can be represented by 4 quantities:

1. size of minor axis
2. size of major axis
3. orientation (angle)
4. sense (CW, CCW)

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Linear Polarization

When δ = 0 or pi

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Circular Polarization
When δ = 90o or -90o and |Ex0|= |Ey0|

2
  Ey 
2
 Ex
      cos 2   sin 2   1
 
 E x0   E y0 

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

LHCP or RHCP
When δ = 90o and |Ex0|= |Ey0| LHCP

When δ = -90o and |Ex0|= |Ey0| RHCP

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Normal Incidence @ Dielectric Boundary

From Boundary Conditions: From Wave Impedance:

E i ( z, t ) E r ( z, t ) 1
Ei (0, t )  Er (0, t )  Et (0, t )   1 
H i ( z, t ) H r ( z, t ) 1
H i (0, t )  H r (0, t )  H t (0, t ) E t ( z, t ) 2
 2 
H t ( z, t ) 2

E r (0, t )  2  1
 
Ei (0, t )  2  1
E t (0, t ) 2 2
T 
Ei (0, t )  2  1
T  1 

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Oblique Incidence @ Dielectric Boundary

Incident Wave: Reflected Wave: Transmitted Wave:

Ei  Ei 0 e  jki rˆ Er  Er 0 e  jkr rˆ Et  Et 0 e  jkt rˆ

H i  H i 0 e  jki rˆ H r  H r 0 e  jkr rˆ H t  H t 0 e  jkt rˆ

At the boundary: for any r when z=0:

k ix x  k rx x  k tx x
k i  rˆ  k r  rˆ  k t  rˆ
k iy y  k ry y  k ty y

All the waves must be in the same plane. From Snell’s Law:

i   r
n1 sin  i  n2 sin  t

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Perpendicular Polarization (TE)

The incident, reflected, and transmitted electric field vectors
are perpendicular to the plane of incidence: the x-z plane.

Ei 0  Er 0  Et 0
 H i 0 cos  i  H r 0 cos  r   H t 0 cos  t

Er 0  2 cos  i  1 cos  t
TE  
E i 0  2 cos  i  1 cos  t
Et 0 2 2 cos  i
TTE  
E i 0  2 cos  i  1 cos  t

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Parallel Polarization (TM)

The incident, reflected, and transmitted electric field vectors
are parallel to the plane of incidence: the x-z plane.

Hi0  H r 0  Ht 0
Ei 0 cos  i  Er 0 cos  r  Et 0 cos  t

Er 0  2 cos  t  1 cos  i
TM  
E i 0  2 cos  t  1 cos  i
Et 0 2 2 cos  i
TTM  
E i 0  2 cos  t  1 cos  i

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

Total Reflection and Brewster Angle

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

From Wikipedia
Poynting Vector
In physics, the Poynting vector represents the directional energy flux density (the rate of
energy transfer per unit area, in Watts per square metre, W·m−2) of an electromagnetic
field. It is named after its inventor John Henry Poynting. Oliver Heaviside and Nikolay
Umov independently co-invented the Poynting vector.

In Poynting's original paper and in many textbooks, it is usually denoted by S or N, and

defined as:[1][2]

For time-periodic sinusoidal electromagnetic fields, the average power flow per unit
time is often more useful, and can be found by treating the electric and magnetic fields
as complex vectors as follows (star * denotes the complex conjugate):

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

From Wikipedia
Poynting Vector

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Xun Gong, University of Central Florida, EEL4436C/5437C – Microwave Engineering, 2010 Fall

From Wikipedia
Poynting Vector

Dipole radiation of a dipole vertically in the page showing electric field strength (colour)
and Poynting vector (arrows) in the plane of the page.

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