LEARNI

NG
BY NIMRA MEHBOOB
 LEARNING
The change in an
individuals behavior
through knowledge
acquired through study,
experience and being
taught.
 WHAT LEARNING DOES?

IMPROVES CHANGES A IMPROVES A BELIEFS,VALUES,

INDIVIDUAL LEARNER PERSON WHOLE FEELINGS, SKILLS
THINKING COMPETENCE PERSONALITY ARE ENHANCED.
 LEARNING PROCESS

1 2 3 4 5
Receiving Accepting and Assimilating Storing the Using or
information taking in the the information Applying the
information information information
 Three theories of learning

THEORIE • BEHAVIOURISM
Changes in behavior through
S OF association between stimulus and
response
LEARNIN • CONSTRUCTIVIST
learning through our own
G perspectives of the world
• Cognitive
Learning based on thoughts and
brain working conditions.
 CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING

Classical conditioning is learning

through association

Key Concepts
•Unconditioned stimulus
•Unconditioned response
•Conditioned stimulus
•Conditioned response
 IVAN PAVLOV RESARCH
(RUSSIAN PSYCHOLOGIST)

The flow of saliva occurred

Pavlov used an apparatus
naturally whenever food
to measure the amount of
was placed in the dog’s
saliva produced when a
mouth, as salivation is an
dog ate.
involuntary, reflex response
 OBSERVATION OF PAVLOV

• Stimulus
Pavlov observed that is any event that
a person behavior elicits a
response from
can be changed an organism.
through association • Response
is a reaction by
with any other thing. an organism to
a stimulus

. In Pavlov’s experiment, the stimulus of food and bell initially

produced the response of salivation
 The association between
a particular behavior and
a consequence.
OPERANT
CONDITIO Operant conditioning is
NING a type of learning that
occurs through
• Rewards
• Punishments
 Positive reinforcement
Providing a reward for a desired
behavior.
Negative reinforcement
Removing an unpleasant consequence
TYPES OF when the desired behavior occurs.
REINFORCE Punishment
MNET Applying an undesirable condition to
eliminate an undesirable behavior.
Extinction
Withholding reinforcement of a
behavior to cause its cessation.
 FACTORS EFFECTING
LEARNING

EXTERNAL FACTORS
• Physical environment
• Status of student
• Teachers personality

INTERNAL FACTORS
• Motivation
• Attention
• Goals or purpose
• Emotional conditions
THANKYOU