Chordata

Four characteristics
1.Notochord
2.Dorsal hollow nerve cord
3.Gill slits
4.Post-anal tail
Vertebrates
Fishes
• Scales for
protection
• Fins for
movement
• Gills for gas
exchange
• Cold blooded
Reptiles

• Lay eggs with shells to

protect from drying
• Smooth/rough scales
Birds
Presence of wings
Feathers
Bills or Beaks
 Mammals
Marsupials – Eutherians –
Pouched mammals Placental mammals
• After birth young • Bear fully developed
are kept inside young inside the
pouches mothers uterus.
• Nourished with milk • Attached to
from mammary placenta which they
glands within the receive nourishment
pouches • Once born,
nourished by
• Ex. Koalas, mammary glands
kangaroos
Interaction
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
Water Cycle
 How Human activities affect
Ecosystem?
1. Monoculture
- cultivation of single crop
2. Herbicides and Insecticides
- kill weeds and other organisms
3. Chemical Fertilizers
- increase soil acidity, destroy
soil structure
Review
1. It is important to eat foods that
are rich in fiber such as fruits,
vegetables, and whole grains. A
person whose diet includes a
good quantity of fiber are
significantly less likely to suffer
from what digestive problem?

• A. anemia B. diabetes
• C. hypertension D. constipation
2. It is a series of wave-like
muscle contractions that
occur throughout the digestive
tract. The process begins in
the esophagus when a bolus
of food is swallowed.

A.digestion B. Peristalsis
C. swallowing D. absorption
3. Digestive system is made up of
different organs that work together.
It breaks nutrients into parts small
enough for our body to absorb and
use for energy, growth, and cell
repair. Which of the following is NOT
a function of the digestive system?

A. digest food to small molecules

B. eliminate non-digestible wastes
C. absorb nutrient molecules
D. transport nutrients to other organs
4. The small intestine is the site
where most of the nutrients from
ingested food are absorbed.
During the process of
absorption, nutrients from food
go from

A. the intestine into the bladder

B. the blood into the organ
C. the intestine into the
bloodstream
D. the mouth into the stomach
5. The Food Pyramid is designed
to make healthy eating easier.
Healthy eating is about getting
the correct amount of nutrients –
protein, fat, carbohydrates,
vitamins and minerals you need
to maintain good health and thus,
a person should obtain most of
his fat from ____________________.
A. beef, chicken, and fish
B. vegetable oil, nuts, and fish
C. fats, oil, and sweets
D. milk, yogurt, and cheese
6. Eating a healthy diet remains
the best way to get sufficient
amounts of the vitamins and
minerals you need. Your body
needs vitamins and minerals
because
• A. they give the body energy
• B. they release heat
• C. they help carry out metabolic
processes
• D. they remove waste out of the
body
7. Digestion is the process in which the
body breaks down food into molecules
that can be used for nourishment. The
processing of food involves a series of
steps. Which among the following
shows the correct order?
A. absorption, digestion, ingestion,
elimination
B. ingestion, digestion, absorption,
elimination
C. egestion, digestion, absorption,
elimination
D. digestion, absorption, ingestion,
elimination
8. The digestive system plays an important
role in the absorption of nutrients into the
body. It takes the food we ingest, breaks it
down mechanically and chemically in the
mouth and stomach. What is the path that
food takes?
A. Mouth -> esophagus -> small intestines ->
large intestines -> stomach -> rectum -> anus
B. Anus -> esophagus -> large intestines ->
rectum -> anus -> stomach
C. Mouth -> esophagus -> stomach -> small
intestines -> large intestines -> rectum -> anus
D. Mouth-> small intestine -> stomach ->
esophagus -> large intestines -> rectum ->
anus
9. Gregor Mendel is considered as
the Father of Modern Genetics.
He was an Austrian monk who
worked with a particular plant to
explain how children inherit
features from their parents. What
did Gregor Mendel use in his
study?
A. apple B. sweetcorn
C. gardenpeas D. strawberry
10.What structure is labeled “X” in
the picture?

A. Chromosome C. spindle fiber

B. centriole D. nucleus
11. Cell division is a process with
sequence of steps that enables
organisms to grow and reproduce.
Which of the following represents the
phases of mitosis in their proper
sequence?

A. interphase, prophase, metaphase,

anaphase, telophase
B. prophase, anaphase, metaphase,
telophase
C. prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase
D. interphase, prophase, metaphase,
telophase
12. Cells divide and reproduce in
two ways: mitosis and
meiosis. Mitosis is a process of
cell division that occur in
somatic cells while meiosis
occurs in which type of cell?
A.liver cell
B. somatic cell
C. sperm cell
D. brain cell
13. An organism can carry two
copies of the same dominant
allele or two copies of the same
recessive allele. If alleles are
written TT, it means the organism
would be _________.
A.heterozygous recessive
B. heterozygous dominant
C. Homozygous recessive
D. Homozygous dominant
14. A single cell divides to make two
cells and these two cells then divide
to make four cells, and so on. The
process is called "cell division", new
cells are formed when old cells
divide. Why does cell division take
place?
A. in order for the organisms to grow
B. to reproduce and pass on genetic
information
C. to enable the organisms to heal
injured tissues
D. to make specialized cells for
different functions
15. A Punnett square is a diagram
devised by the British geneticist
Reginald Punnett. What does a
Punnett Square shows?
A.a model of the possible outcomes of
a genetic cross.
B.all of Mendel’s discoveries about
genetic crosses.
C. only the dominant alleles in a
genetic cross.
D. only the recessive alleles in a
genetic cross.
16. The nuclear membrane
disappears completely, and
Chromosomes align at the
metaphase plate. What phase
is the cell in?

A. prophase C. anaphase
B. metaphase D. telophase
17. Green (G) is the dominant
color for pods of pea plants.
Yellow (g) is recessive. What is
the phenotype of the following
genotype: GG

A. yellow B. purple
C. green D. yellow green
18. In humans, having freckles (F) is
dominant to not having freckles (f). The
inheritance of these traits can be
studied using a Punnet square shown to
the right:
The child represented in box 1 in the
Punnett square would:

A. be homozygous for freckles

B. have an extra freckles chromosome
C. be heterozygous for freckles
D. not have freckles
19.What is probability?

A. the actual results from series of

events
B. the likelihood that a particular
event will occur
C. the way the results of one event
affect the next event
D. the number of times a coin lands
heads up
20. A typical human cell contains
46 chromosomes. After mitosis
and cell division, each of the two
new cells formed from the original
cell _____________.
A. gets 23 chromosomes
B. gets a complete set of 46
chromosomes
C. grows new chromosomes from
existing DNA
D. None of the above
21. The phenotype of the
offspring indicated by box 3
would be: B b
B
b

A. black C. stripe
B. brown D. none of the above
22.What is the genotypic ratio of F1
generation?

A. 1:1 C. 1:3
B. 3:1 D. 1:2:1
23. Scientists have
grouped animals into classes to
make it easier to study
them. There are known
different animal classes, which
class of animal has skin with fur or
hair, feeds their young with milk
and maintains a constant body
temperature?
A. reptiles B. fish
C. mammals D. birds
24. What is an ecological model of
the relationships that form a
network of complex interactions
among organisms in a community
from producers to decomposers?

A. food web B. an ecosystem

C. food chain D. a population
25. The organisms below break
down dead or decaying organisms,
and in doing so, they carry out the
natural process of decomposition.
What is this organism called in a
food chain?

A. producer C. decomposer
B. consumer D. organizer
26. These three main cycles of an
ecosystem work in balance and are
responsible for carrying away waste
materials and replenishing the
ecosystem with the nutrients
necessary to sustain
life.Evaporation, condensation and
precipitation make up what cycle?
A. nitrogen cycle
B. oxygen cycle
C. carbon cycle
D. water cycle
27. Which one of the following
sequences shows the correct
hierarchy of classification, going from
the most inclusive to the least
inclusive?
A. Kingdom, Domain, Phylum, Order,
Class, Family, Genus, Species
B. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Genus, Species
C. Genus, Species, Kingdom, Phylum,
Order, Class, Family
D. Species, Genus, Family, Class, Order,
Phylum, Kingdom
28. What part of the water cycle
involves plants and trees giving
off water to the atmosphere?

A.evaporation
B. condensation
C. precipitation
D. transpiration
29.The diagram represents a pyramid
of energy in an ecosystem. Which
level would most likely contain
organisms that do photosynthesis?

A
B
C
D
30. Scientific names follow a specific
set of rules. Scientists use a two-
name system called a Binomial
Naming System. Scientists name
animals and plants using the system
that describes the _________.
A. kingdom and species
B. genus and species
C. family and genus
D. kingdom and phylum
31. If a disease strikes the fox population
in the food chain shown below, what will
happen to the population of Lion?

A. the population of lions would

decrease
• B. the population of the lions would
increase
• C. the population of the lions would stay
the same
• D. the population of the lions would be
tripled
32. Trees give out oxygen. Because of
them we have the rains. in short, they
maintain the ecological balance
particularly the water cycle. If we
would cut trees, what is going to
happen?
A. water is no longer returned to the
atmosphere over the area of the forest
B. animals continuously loss their
habitats
C. agricultural land production increases
D. both a and b
33. How much of the energy in
each level of an ecological
pyramid gets lost as heat or
used by the organism so that
it cannot be passed on to the
next trophic level?
A. 80% B. 90%
C. 10% D. 20%
34. What cycle of materials
does the diagram shows?
A. nitrogen cycle
B. water cycle
C. carbon cycle
D. oxygen cycle
35. Trophic pyramid, the basic
structure of interaction in all
biological communities in which
energy is passed from
one trophic level to the next along
the food chain.Which of the
following is correctly arranged
from lowest to highest trophic
level?
A. algae, deer, hawk, bacteria
B. grass, human, frog, snake
C. grass, mouse, snake, eagle
D. bacteria, eagle, frog, mushroom
36. The organism below has three
main body parts: head, thorax
and abdomen, it has a pair of
antenna on the top of his head.
Which animal group do the
organism belong?
A. amphibians
B. insects
C. reptiles
D. bird
37. Human impact on the
environment is often more
dramatic than the impact of
other living things because
human have a greater
____________.
A. need for water
B. ability to adapt to change
C. need for food
D. ability to alter the environment
38. Vertebrates are classified into five
groups, based on their skin covering,
how they reproduce, how they
maintain body temperature, and the
characteristics of their limbs. The
five classes of vertebrates are

A. vertebrates, invertebrates, birds, fish,

reptiles
B. mammals, marsupials, worms, birds,
frogs
C. mammals, animals, fish, birds,
reptiles
D. mammals, fish, birds, amphibians,
reptiles