HEAT TRANSFER

• Heat transfer - It is that area of mechanical

engineering that deals with the different
principles and mechanisms involved in
transferring heat from one point to another.
 Modes of Heat Transfer
1. Conduction - is the transfer of heat from one
point to another point within a body or from
one body to another body when they are
physical contact with each other.
2. Convection - is the transfer of heat from one
point to another within a fluid.
a) Natural or Free convection – motion of the fluid is
due to the difference in density because of a
difference in temperature.
b) Force Convection – motion of fluid is accomplished
by mechanical means, such as a fan or a blower.
3. Radiation - the flow of heat from one body to
another body separated by a distance due to
electromagnetic waves.
 Conduction Through Plane Walls
𝐾𝐴(𝑡𝑎−𝑡𝑏)
• Q=
𝑥
Where:
Q = heat transmitted, W
A = heat transfer area, m2
ta = surface temperature on hot side
tb = surface temperature on cold side
x = thickness of wall, m
k = thermal conductivity, W/m-°C
CONDUCTION THROUGH
COMPOSITE WALL
 Conduction through composite wall
𝐾1𝐴(𝑡𝑎−𝑡𝑏) 𝐾2𝐴(𝑡𝑎−𝑡𝑏)
• Q= Q=
𝑋1 𝑋2
𝐴(𝑡𝑎−𝑡𝑐)
• Q= 𝑋1 𝑋2
+
𝐾1 𝐾2
Where:
k = thermal conductivity of 1st layer
tb = interface temperature
k = thermal conductivity 2nd layer
A = heat transfer area common to both wall
Conduction from fluid to fluid
• Q = h1A(t1-ta) Q = h2A(tc-t2)
Where:
h1 = surface film conductance on the hot side,
W/m2-°C
h2 = surface film conductance on the cold side,
W/m2-°C
tb and tc = interface temperatures
 𝐴(𝑡1−𝑡2) 1
• Q= 1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 1 Q = UA∆t U=
+ + + + 𝑅
ℎ1 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3 ℎ2
1 1 𝑥
• U =1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1 R= σ + σ
+ 1 + 2 + 3+ ℎ 𝑘
ℎ1 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3 ℎ2
Where:
U = overall conductance or overall coefficient of
heat transfer, W/m2-°C
Ao = area, m2
∆t = temperature difference, °C
 Conduction Through Pipe
2𝜋𝑘𝐿(𝑡𝑎−𝑡𝑏) 2𝜋𝑘𝐿 (𝑡𝑎−𝑡𝑏)
• Q= 𝑟 = 𝐷
ln( 2) ln( 2)
𝑟1 𝐷1
Where:
L = pipe length
 Conduction Through composite Pipe
2𝜋𝐾1𝐿(𝑡𝑎−𝑡𝑏) 2𝜋𝐾2𝐿(𝑡𝑏−𝑡𝑐) 2𝜋𝐿(𝑡𝑎−𝑡𝑐)
• Q= 𝑟 = 𝑟 = ln(𝑟2) 𝑟
ln( 2) ln( 3) ln( 3)
𝑟1 + 𝑟2
𝑟1 𝑟2
𝑘1 𝑘2
Conduction Fluid to Fluid Through Pipe
• Q = hiAi(t1-ta) Q = hoAo(tc-t2)
 (𝑡1−𝑡2)
• Q= ln(
𝑟2
) ln(
𝑟3
)
1 𝑟 𝑟 1
+ 1 + 2 +
𝐴1ℎ1 2𝜋𝑘1𝐿 2𝜋𝑘2𝐿 𝐴𝑜ℎ𝑜
• Q = UiAi∆𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
• Q = UoAo∆𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
Where:
h1 = surface conductance on inside surface
ho = surface conductance on outside surface
A1 = inside surface area = 2𝜋𝑟1𝐿
Ao = outside surface area = 2𝜋r3L
 Mean temperature difference
• Parallel flow
• ∆𝑡𝑎 = 𝑡𝑥 − 𝑡1
• ∆𝑡𝑏 = 𝑡𝑦 − 𝑡2
• Counter flow
• ∆𝑡𝑎 = 𝑡𝑦 − 𝑡1
• ∆𝑡𝑏 = 𝑡𝑥 − 𝑡2
• Arithmetic Mean
∆𝑡𝑎+∆𝑡𝑏
• ∆𝑡 =
2
• Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference
∆𝑡𝑎+∆𝑡𝑏
• ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑡𝑎
ln( )
∆𝑡𝑏
Convection Heat Transfer Fluid to Fluid
• Q = mCp(t2-t1)

Surface Convection
• Q = hcA(t1-t2)
 RADIATION
• QR = Heat transmitted by Radiation
• QR = σA(T14-T24)
Where:
σ = Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.67x10-8 W/m2-K4
e = emissivity factor = 1.0 for black body(not given)
T1 = absolute temperature of surface radiating the
heat, K
T2 = absolute temperature of surface receiving the
heat, K
A = area, m2