Rates Of Reaction

Flow Of Learning
 Meaning Of Rate Of Reaction

MEASUREMENT OF RATES OF REACTION:

Plot graph of quantity of product /
reactant against time
Calculate the average rate of reaction
Calculate the rate of reaction at the
specific time from the graph.

-The meaning of Collision Theory.

-To explain how each factor increases
EXPLANATION FOR THE RATE OF REACTION BASED ON COLLISION
THEORY :
 ParticleSize
 Concentration
 Temperature
 Catalyst
 Is proven by

Experiment On Effect Of Surface Area

Experiment On Effect Of Concentration
Experiment On Effect Of Temperature
Experiment On Effect Of Catalyst
Application of The Rate Of reaction In
daily Activities
 Observable changes
in quantity that use
Meaning rate of to determine rate of Unit for rate of
reaction reaction
reaction

Rate Of Reaction

Measurement
Rate Of Reaction

Avarage rate of Rate Of reaction at

reaction specific time

Factors that affect rate of reaction

 Rate
• Speed = total Distance/Total time
K.L
J.B
Speed= Speed=
= =

= 300km/h = 100km/h
 Reaction Types
2
1
Chemical

Bonds are made / broken

+1
Change in oxidation states
Plasma
Li

P+1 P+1
Reactivity Chemical properties/
changes/ reactions
Combustibility (i.e., reactivity,
combustibility).
development of a gas,
Gas formation
formation of precipitate,
and change in color).
Precipitate

Color change
• Hydrogen-VERY reactive.
• Helium-Non-reactive.
The speeds of reactions are very varied
•Rusting is a ‘slow’ reaction, you hardly see
any change looking at it!
•The weathering of rocks is an extremely very
slow reaction.

weathering of rocks
The fermentation
of sugar to alcohol
is quite slow but
you can see the
carbon dioxide
bubbles forming in
the 'froth' in a
laboratory
experiment or beer
making in industry!

Bubble gas
•A faster reaction example is
magnesium reacting with
hydrochloric acid to form
magnesium chloride and hydrogen
or the even faster reaction between
sodium and water to form sodium
hydroxide.
•Combustion reactions e.g. when a
fuel burns in air or oxygen, is a very
fast reaction.
Combustibility O2
The tendency to
react with
Oxygen,
releasing heat.

BURNING
evidence of Chemical Change:
development of a gas
formation of precipitate
change in color
 Meaning Of Rate Of Reactions
• The rate of reaction is a measurement of the
change in the quantity of reactant or product
against time:

Rate Of Reaction= Change in quantity of reactant / product

Time taken

Student ans: Changes of reactant or product

against time (0 Mark)
 Meaning Of Rate Of Reaction
• A rate of reaction is high if the reaction occurs
fast within a short period of time..
• A rate of reaction is low if the reaction occurs
slowly within a long period of time..
• A rate of reaction is inversely proportional to
time:
Rate of reaction α 1
time taken
 Meaning Of Rate Of Reactions
• The Higher rate of
reaction the shorter
time taken to
complete the granule powder
reaction
• The lower rate of
reaction the longer
time taken to
complete reaction
Which is the higher rate of reaction? 5 minute 1 minute
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

Observable Changes Measurement Of Reaction

Rate of reaction =
Changes of mass

= Z gs-
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

Observable Measurement Of Reaction

Changes
Rate of reaction =
Changes of
volume
= Z cm3s-
 Observable changes
The change in amount of reactant / product that can
be measured :
•Decrease in total quantity of mass / concentration of
the reactant per unit of time.
•Increase in total amount of mass / concentration of
the product of reaction per unit of time
•Total volume of the gas released.
•Formation of precipitate.
Decrease in total quantity of mass /
concentration of the reactant per
unit of time.
Increase in total amount of mass /
concentration of the product of
reaction per unit of time
 Total volume of the gas released.
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

Delivery tube
Conical flask burette water

Must
shade!
Formation of precipitate.
Na2SO3+2HCl→NaCl+S+SO2+H20
PERCIPITATE

stopwatch
Precipitate the
formation of insoluble
ionic compounds.
Does NOT dissolve in water.
Example:
Study the reaction: Between calcium carbonate
and excess 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloride acid.
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)
Mass of CaCO3
Concentration of HCl
(g) (mole dm-3)

time (s) time (s)

CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

Concentration of CaCl2
(mole dm-3) Volume of CO2
(cm3)

time (s) time (s)

Observable changes
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

stopwatch
Observable changes
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

Hydrometer
Observable changes
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

Hydrometer
Observable changes
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

Displacement Of water
 Remember !!!
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

•Quantities of reactant
will decreases against
time
•Quantities of product
will increases against
time
 Measurement Rate Of Reaction
Two ways to measure rate of reaction.
1. Average Rate Of Reaction. :
It is determined by calculating the total amount of
reactant used or the total amount of product
formed in a specific time.
2. Rate Of Reaction at a specific time :
It is determined by calculating the gradient of the
graph at the time.
 Introduction to the Rate of Reaction
1. A reaction between small pieces of excess
calcium carbonate with 80 cm3 hydrochloric acid
0.05M is conducted a laboratory to study the rate
of reaction at interval time. The volume of gas
released is recorded in the table below.
Time (seconds) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Burette reading (cm3) 49.5 33.5 23.5 16.0 10.5 5.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
40 40

30 30

37.00cm3 27.00cm3

Volume : 37-27=10 cm3

 (a)
Draw an apparatus to shows how this experiment
can be conducted at laboratory.
Must label the diagram!
 x
x
√

√
 √

√
 (b)
Write a balance chemical equation for this
reaction.

CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

 (c)
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
CaCO3 + 2H++2Cl- → Ca2++2Cl- + H2O + CO2

CaCO3 + 2H++ → Ca2++ H2O + CO2

Remember !!!
Only separate soluble salt

Don’t separate covalent and

insoluble salt
 (e)
A reaction between small pieces of excess calcium carbonate
with 80 cm3 hydrochloric acid 0.05M is conducted a
laboratory to study the rate of reaction at interval time.

Number of mole in the solution will use :

Mol, n = MV

1000

0.05(80)
=
1000
= 0.004 mol
 (f)
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

From the chemical equation :

Mole Ratios:
2 mol HCl : 1 mol CO2
0.004 mol HCl : 0.004 mol HCl × 1 mol CO2
2 mol HCl
= 0.002 mol CO2

Volume of gas Co2 at = 0.002×24

room condition 3
= 0.048 dm
 (g)
Because some of carbon dioxide gas can
escape to surrounding during the
experiment.
 (h)
Time (seconds) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Burette reading (cm3) 49.5 33.5 23.5 16.0 10.5 5.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Volume CO2 (cm3) 0 16 26 33.5 39 44.5 47.5 47.5 47.5

Time(second) 0 30 60 90 120

Burette x y z
reading(cm3) 49.5 33.5 23.5

Total volume x-x x-y x-z

of gas(cm3) 0.00 16.00 26.00
Volume of CO2, cm3
50

45

40

35

30

25 Connect the
20
point without
using ruler!
15
Not all the point
10
is connected
5

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
Time , s
Volume of CO2 cm3
50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15
It’s must be
10
smooth graph
5

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
Time s
 (i)
Average Rate Of reaction
The average rate of reaction in the first 90 seconds.
= The total volume of gas released in the first 90 seconds
Time taken
Time (seconds) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Burette reading (cm3) 49.5 33.5 23.5 16.0 10.5 5.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Volume CO2 (cm3) 0 16 26 33.5 39 44.5 47.5 47.5 47.5

=
3
33.5÷90=0.372 cm s
-1 unit

Not cm3 per second

 i(ii)
Time (seconds) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Burette reading (cm3) 49.5 33.5 23.5 16.0 10.5 5.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Volume CO2 (cm3) 0 16 26 33.5 39 44.5 47.5 47.5 47.5

The average rate of reaction in the whole experiment.

= The total volume of gas released in the whole experiment
Time taken

= 3
47.5÷180= 0.264 cm s
-1
 Analysis of Data
Rate of reaction at t second = gradient AB
Total volume of = p/q cm3 s-1
Hydrogen
gas/cm3 Tangent is a line
B that touch just 1
point of graph in
order to calculate
p gradient

A
q

Cannot take directly at x

t
Time (second)
 Cannot touch more
Tangent than 2 point because
each of point have
different gradient

Only touch 1 point of curve

50

45

40

35
Same length
30

25

20

15

10 Same angle degree

5

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
 Analysis of data
Total Volume of CO2(cm3)

D
E
Rate of reaction at t1 = gradient AB
B
Rate of reaction at t2 = gradient CD
C
Rate of reaction at t3 = gradient EF
Each of point have
A
different gradient!

t1 t2 t3
Time (second)
 Two method to
calculate tangent:
Total volume of
Hydrogen
gas/cm3
number of small
B
boxes × value of
1 small unit box
Y

Time (second)
 First Method
Gradient of graph:
Total volume of
Hydrogen m= ΔY
gas/cm3 ΔX
B
m= Y2-y1
y2
X2-x1

y1 A

x1 x2 Time (second)
 Analysis of Data
Rate of reaction at t second = gradient AB
Total volume of = p/q cm3 s-1
Hydrogen
gas/cm3
B

A
q

t
Time (second)
 Analysis of data
Total Volume of CO2(cm3)

D
E
Rate of reaction at t1 = gradient AB
B
Rate of reaction at t2 = gradient CD
C
Rate of reaction at t3 = gradient EF

t1 t2 t3
Time (second)
 (j)
From the answer of question (i) (iii) and (i) (iv),
make a conclusion from the
calculation of this experiment.

Ans : Rate of reaction will decreases

 (k)
Explain why does there is a difference of the rate
of reaction at 30 second and 120 second.

Ans: Rate of reaction at 30 second is

higher because number of particles of
reactant is higher than 120 second
 (l)
In your opinion, what will happen to the rate of
reaction if,
•The concentration of acid is increased.
•A calcium carbonate powder is used in this
experiment.
•The volume of acid is increased.
•The temperature of acid is increased.
•A bigger conical flask is used.
•The conical flask containing acid is shaken.