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Introduction
Grading
Attendance
75% required
Absence is marked after 10 minutes
Assignments
Late submission means 5% deduction per week
Mid-term Exam.
Presentation / Research Report
Final Exam.
Example
Process Swapping in Time Sharing Systems
System Calls
Start process, Terminate process, Release memory, …
Process Table Entry
Application/Shell
Functionality of OS
System Initializes H/W
Programs
Provides device control
Provides management, scheduling
Hardware & interaction of tasks
Maintain system integrity
OS/KERNEL Error handling
Converts user’s commands to
machine language
User
Operating System
Process Control
Memory Management
File Systems & Management
I/O Control
Security
Synchronization
Communication
Mainframe Systems
Desktop Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Clustered Systems
Distributed Systems
Real-Time Systems
Handheld Systems
512K Job 3
OS Features
I/O routines supplied by the system.
Memory management – the system must
allocate the memory to several jobs.
CPU scheduling – the system must
choose among several jobs ready to run.
Allocation of devices.
Advanced OS : Dr. M. Alam
Time-Sharing Systems
The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs (CPU
is allocated to a job only if the job is in memory).
A job swapped in and out of memory to the disk.
On-line communication between the user and the
system is provided; when OS finishes the
execution of one command, it seeks the next
“control statement” from the user’s keyboard.
These systems involves memory management and
protection, file system, CPU scheduling, Job
synchronization and communication, and avoiding
jobs to be deadlocked.
Advanced OS : Dr. M. Alam
Desktop Systems
Calling Read( )
Communication: User OS?
How to request the services?
1. Monolithic System
2. Layered System
3. Virtual Machines
4. Client-Server Model
Layer 2
Communicate between process & operator
console
Each process has its own operator console
Layer 3
Manages I/O devices
Layer 4
Contains user programs
User program do not need to bother about
process, memory, console or I/O management
Layer 5
Contains system operator process
Performs multiprogramming
Runs on bare H/W
Provides several virtual machines to next layer.
These are not extended machines with files & other
nice features but these are exact copies of bare H/W
(including kernel / user mode, I/O interrupts, & ….
like real machine)
Each virtual machine is identical, one can run any OS
that will run directly on H/W
Different virtual machines may run different OS
Advanced OS : Dr. M. Alam
Conversational Monitor System
CMS executes system call
Call is trapped to the OS in its own virtual
machine just like running on real machine
Example: Read Data
CMS issues hardware I/O instructions for reading
required data
I/O instructions are trapped by VM/370
VM treats instruction as part of simulation of the real
H/W
Messaging
Advanced OS : Dr. M. Alam
Summery
Multiple Locks
Synchronization
Scheduling
……….