Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan (STIKES)

Papua
Sorong

Sistem Endokrin:
Overview Anatomi & Fisiologi

TRIANI BANNA

3ani.my3nafas@gmail.com
Kelenjar utama penghasil hormon
Kelenjar dan hormon yang dihasilkan
Menurut strukturnya, hormon diklasifikasikan ke dalam 4
kategori:
(1) amines and amino acids (eg, epinephrine, norepinephrine,
and thyroid hormones)
(2) peptides, polypeptides, proteins, and glycoproteins (eg,
thyrotropinreleasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone,
and growth hormone)
(3) steroids (eg, corticosteroids)
(4) fatty acid derivatives (eg, eicosanoid, retinoids) (Porth &
Matfin, 2009).
Masing-masing bekerja pada organ target dengan mekanisme
yang berbeda-beda.
• 2 types of hormones
• Protein derivative hormones (from amino acids
or polypeptides)
» water soluble, thus need plasma
membrane receptor
» then need second messenger for hormone
to exert its action
» this action occurs in the cytoplasm
• Lipid derivative hormones (primarily steroids)
» Fat soluble, thus pass right through the
cell membrane
» bind with receptor in the nucleus
» this complex triggers DNA to make a
specific protein
 Hypothalamus
• Sits between the cerebrum and brainstem
• Houses the pituitary gland and
hypothalamus
• Regulates:
– Temperature
– Fluid volume
– Growth
– Pain and pleasure response
– Hunger and thirst
Hypothalamus Hormones
• Releasing and inhibiting hormones
• Corticotropin-releasing hormone
• Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
• Growth hormone-releasing hormone
• Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
• Somatostatin-=-inhibits GH and TSH

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Pituitary Gland
• Sits beneath the hypothalamus
• Termed the “master gland”
• Divided into:
– Anterior Pituitary Gland
– Posterior Pituitary Gland

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Pituitary Gland
• 2 glands
– Anterior pituitary
• Adenohypophysis
– Posterior pituitary
• Neurohypophysis
• Extension of
hypothalamus
 Diseases of the Pituitary
• MSH
• TSH
– Organ target = sel melanosit
– Organ target/kel : Kel Tyroid
• GH :
• ACTH
– Organ target : Kel Adrenal
- Organ target : Jar, hati
• FSH/LH
• PRL
Organ target : Gonad
– Organ target : sel asini kel mamae
– hyposecretion
• M = poor sperm production
• ADH
– Organ target : Ginjal
• F = low estrogen, amenorrhea
– hypersecretion
• F = menopause
• LH
– hyposecretion
• F = no ovulation
• M = low testosterone
 Thyroid Gland
• Butterfly shaped
• Sits on either side of the trachea
• Has two lobes connected with an
isthmus
• Functions in the presence of iodine
• Stimulates the secretion of three
hormones
• Involved with metabolic rate
management and serum calcium levels
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• 3 hormones
• Thyroxine (T4) = more abundant than T3, but
less potent
• Triiodothyronine (T3) = more potent than T4
• Calcitonin
– Functions:
• Thyroid hormones (T4 & T3) function =
increase metabolic rate
• Calcitonin
– lowers serum calcium by preventing the
bones from giving it up
– works in harmony with the parathyroid &
parathormone
Thyroid Gland

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 Pancreas
• Located behind the stomach between the
spleen and duodenum
• Has two major functions
– Digestive enzymes
– Releases two hormones: insulin and glucagon
• Pancreas is both endocrine & exocrine gland
– exocrine = digestive enzymes secreted via
duct into duodenum
– endocrine located in Islets of Langerhans
• Cells of the islets
– alpha cells produce glucagon
» it raises blood sugar by increasing
liver glycogenolysis
– beta cells produce insulin & amylin
»Insulin lowers blood sugar by
escorting glucose into the cells
»Amylin contributes to
postprandial glucose control
* slows gastric emptying
* regulates appetite
centrally
• Insulin
– Anabolic hormone (a type of growth factor)
• Promotes synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids,
& fats
• This occurs in liver, muscle, & adipose tissue
– Certain cells do not need insulin to get their
glucose supply
» Brain
» RBC’s
» G-I tract epithelial cells can absorb
glucose from diet
 Adrenal Cortex
• Pyramid-shaped organs that sit
on top of the kidneys
• Each has two parts:
– Outer Cortex
– Inner Medulla
• Has 3 distinct layers or zones
– from outside towards middle:
• Zona Glomerulosa
– secretes mineralcorticoids
(Aldosterone)
» Retain sodium (water
follows sodium)
» Usually gets rid of
potassium & hydrogen
• Zona Fasiculata
– secretes glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
» Secreted in response to stress
» Causes gluconeogenesis &
hyperglycemia
» Causes protein catabolism
* thus, delays healing
» Is anti-inflammatory
» Maintains BP by sensitizing vessels to
ANS
• Zona Reticularis
» secretes sex hormones (steroids)
 Adrenal Medulla
• Works in conjunction with sympathetic nervous
system
• Involved in the “stress response”
• Makes catecholamines
• Key ones are norepinephrine (20%) &
epinephrine (80%)
• Epinephrine is 10 times more potent in
producing direct metabolic effects
* note that norepinephrine is
more potent as neurotransmitter