CHEMICAL BONDS

AND
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
The students should be able to:
 Apply the octet rule in formation of chemical
bond
 Explain the formation of chemical bonds

 Identify the type of chemical bonds

 Draw Lewis structure of compounds

 Identify the types of chemical compounds

CHEMICAL BOND
 Attractive force between two atoms holding them
together to form a molecule or a chemical
compound
 Forces that link together atoms to form different
kinds of matter
VALENCE ELECTRONS
 Plays a crucial role in formation of chemical
bonds
 Electrons located in the outermost energy level
OCTET RULE
 In forming chemical bonds, main group elements
gain, lose , or share electrons to achieve
configuration in which they are surrounded by
eight valence electrons
LEWIS DOT SYMBOL
 Developed by Gilbert Lewis (1875-1946)
 Electron Dot diagram

 Visual representation of valence electrons of an

atom
 Valence electrons are represented as dots placed
around the element symbols
LEWIS DOT SYMBOL
LEWIS DOT SYMBOLS
LEWIS STRUCTURE
 Type of structural formula that uses dots or
dashes to indicate bonds
 Visual representation of the structure of a
covalently bonded molecule or ion that shows the
distribution of all valence electrons
LEWIS STRUCTURE
 BONDING PAIR- a pair of electrons shared by
two atoms
 LONE PAIRS – nonbonding electron pairs
LEWIS STRUCTURE
CHEMICAL BONDS
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS
 IONIC BOND
 COVALENT BOND

 METALLIC BOND
IONIC BOND
 Chemical bond resulting from the transfer of
electrons from one bonding atom to another
 In an ionic bond, the positively charged ion
(cation) is attracted to negatively charged ion
(anion)
 Static electrical attraction is the basis for ionic
bonds
 Commonly formed between the ion of metallic
element (cation) and an ion of nonmetallic
element (anion)
IONIC BOND
IONIC BOND
IONIC BONDING

 Ionic bonding occurs when

ions assemble into an
extended array called a
lattice and are held
together by the attraction
between oppositely charged
ions.
IONIC BOND
COVALENT BOND
 Formed by a shared pair of electrons between two
atoms
 Chemical bond formed when valence electrons
are shared by nonmetal elements
 Covalent bonds are found in paper, plastics, plant
and animal tissue
TYPES OF COVALENT BOND
Based on the number of electron pair shared
 Single bond

 Double bond

 Triple bond
SINGLE BOND
 Two atoms share exactly one pair of electrons
DOUBLE BONDS
 Consists of two pairs of shared electrons
DOUBLE BONDS

Acetone Formaldehyde
TRIPLE BOND
 Consists of three pairs of shared electrons
BOND LENGTH
 The distance between the nuclei of the bonded
atoms
 Single bond is longer than double bond

 Double bond is longer than triple bond

BOND ORDER
 the number of electron pairs shared between two
atoms in the formation of the bond
BOND POLARITY
 due to difference in electronegativity of atoms
 If the electronegativity difference is zero, the
bond is classified as nonpolar covalent.
 A bond along which a dipole exists is a polar
bond.

 Also referred to as a polar covalent bond since

electrons are still being shared.

 The greater the electronegativity difference, the

more polar the bond.

 When the electronegativity difference exceeds

2.0, the bond is classified as ionic.
TYPES OF COVALENT BOND
BASED ON BOND POLARITY

 Polar covalent bond

 Nonpolar covalent bond

 Coordinate or Dative covalent bond

NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND
 A bond that has an even distribution of charge
due to an equal sharing of bonding electrons
NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND
POLAR COVALENT BOND
 A bond that has uneven distribution of charge
due to unequal sharing or bonding electrons
 A chemical bond between two atoms that have
different electronegativities, such that one end of
the bond takes on a partial positive charge and
the other end takes on a partial negative charge
and constitute a dipole
POLAR COVALENT BOND
COORDINATE BOND
also called a dative covalent bond
 a covalent bond (a shared pair of electrons) in
which both electrons come from the same atom.
COORDINATE BOND
METALLIC BONDING

Metallic: sharing by forming a mobile “sea of electrons”

Positively charged metal nuclei arranged in a lattice. Electrons move,

more or less, freely throughout the whole lattice.

Free movement allows metals to conduct electricity

 FORMATION OF
CHEMICAL BOND
FORMATION OF CHEMICAL BOND

When two atoms

approach one another,
the negatively charged
electron clouds are
attracted to the other
atom’s positively charged
nucleus.

The diagram represents

electron density during
bond formation.
FORMATION OF CHEMICAL BOND
 Driving force behind bond formation is lowering
of overall energy.

 Ionic bonding lowers energy by transferring electrons

between a metal and a nonmetal.

 Covalent bonding lowers energy by sharing electrons

between two nonmetals.
Potential energy between two atoms.
Electrons on each atom are attracted to the nucleus of the
other atom.
Nuclei of the bonding atoms repel each other, as do the
bonding electrons.
A covalent bond forms where the attractive and repulsive
forces balance each other and energy is at a minimum.
BOND ENERGY
 The energy released when isolated atoms form a
covalent bond
 The amount of energy required to break a bond
(Bond dissociation energy)
 A measure of the strength of chemical bond

 The larger the bond energy, the stronger the

bond
 Triple bond is stronger than double bond

 Double bond is stronger than triple bond

HYBRID ORBITALS
 Hybrid orbitals are created by a linear
combination of atomic orbitals, producing an
equal number of hybrid orbitals.
 Two atomic orbitals combine, two hybrid orbitals are
generated.
 Hybrid orbital name comes from the type and
number of atomic orbitals combined (e.g., sp3)
 The indicated orbital geometry gives rise to
common molecular shapes.
HYBRID ORBITALS

Hybridization of the s and p orbitals on carbon.

The four sp3 hybrid orbitals have equal energy.
The four valence electrons are distributed evenly across the sp3
hybrid orbitals.
The angle between the sp3 hybrid orbitals is 109.5o.
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
 Molecular shape - the way bonded atoms arrange
themselves in three dimensions.
 Molecular shape affects molecular properties,
including reactivity.
VALENCE SHELL ELECTRON PAIR
REPULSION (VSEPR)
 theory - molecules assume a shape that allows
them to minimize the repulsions between
electron pairs in the valence shell of the central
atom.
 Electron pairs include both lone pair electrons and
bonding pair electrons.
PREDICTING THE MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
 Molecular geometries are predicted
systematically.
 Draw the Lewis dot structure.

 Count the number of bonding and nonbonding

electron pairs around the central atom.

 Double and triple bonds count as one

bonding pair.

 For zero nonbonding pairs on central atom, molecular

shape matches shape predicted by VSEPR.

 For nonbonding pairs on central atom, a base

geometry predicted by VSEPR theory is used.
Bond angles and shapes are predicted by electron pair repulsion
between valence electron pairs.
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Lone pair electrons occupy

more space than bonding
electrons.

For 4 bonding electron

pairs and a lone
pair, the lone pair
occupies the less
repulsive equatorial
position.
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
CHEMICAL COMPOUND
 A pure substance made up of atoms of two or
more elements joined together by chemical bonds
 Substance that contains two or more elements
chemically combined in fixed proportion
WAYS OF CLASSIFYING A
COMPOUND
1. Based on the kind of bond
2. Based on the source or origin
3. Based on the number of elements present
4. Based on the ability to conduct electricity
BASED ON THE KIND OF BOND
 Ionic compound or electrovalent compound
 Covalent or molecular compound
IONIC COMPOUND
 Also known as electrovalent compound
 compound of positive and negative ions combined
so that the charges are neutralized
 formed from a metal and non-metal

 Examples:

NaCl, KBr, Fe2O3

COVALENT COMPOUND
OR MOLECULAR COMPOUND
 compound that has atoms held together by
covalent bond
 Always involve two nonmetals

 Examples:

CO, CO2, CH4

BASED ON THE SOURCE OR ORIGIN
 ORGANIC COMPOUND- derived from living or
organic sources like plants and animals and
usually contain carbon
Examples: alcohol, sugar, gasoline, starch, fats and
proteins

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS- do not contain

carbon like ores, minerals
Example: NaCl
BASED ON THE NUMBER OF
ELEMENTS PRESENT
 BINARY COMPOUNDS- contain one positive ion
and one negative ion
Examples: HCl, CaCl2
 TERNARY COMPOUNDS- contain three kinds of
elements with oxygen as the third element
Example NaCO3
BASED ON THE KINDS OF
ELEMENTS PRESENT
 Acid
 Bases

 Salts

 Oxides
ACIDS
 ARRHENIUS CONCEPTS
Compounds that yield Hydrogen ion when
dissolved in water
 Bronsted-Lowry concept

Acid is a substance that donates hydrogen

ion(protons)
 LEWIS CONCEPT

Acid is a substance that accepts electrons

(electrophile)
TYPES OF ACIDS
 Based on the number of H+ produced
Monoprotic acid HCl, HF
Diprotic acid H2SO4
Triprotic acid H3PO4
BASES
- Are metallic hydroxides
ARRHENIUS CONCEPT
 Base is a substance that yields hydroxide ion when
dissolved in water
BRONSTED-LOWRY CONCEPT
Base is a substance that accepts hydrogen ion (proton)

LEWIS CONCEPT
Base is a substance that donates electrons (nucleophile)
SALTS
 Ionic compound containing cations except H+ and
anions except OH
 Produced by neutralization reaction of acid and
base
OXIDES
 Compounds which contain oxygen and only one
other element
-Metallic oxides- oxides of metal
-Nonmetallic oxides-oxides of non-metals
BASED ON THE ABILITY TO
CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
 ELECTROLYTES- substance whose aqueous
solutions are capable of conducting electric
current
These substances can exist as ions in solution

 NONELECTROLYTES- substances whose

aqueous solutions do not conduct electricity.
These contain neutral molecules, hence cannot
migrate in an electric field