EE 529 Circuits and

Systems Analysis

Mustafa Kemal Uyguroğlu

EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN UNIVERSITY

Physical System
 interconnection of physical devices or
components
 Electrical System: interconnection of electrical
elements
Phsical System
 Mechanical System: interconnection of
mechanical components
Phsical System
 It is possible to make electrical and
mechanical systems using analogs. An
analogous electrical and mechanical system
will have differential equations of the same
form. The analogous quantities are given
below.
Phsical System
Analogous Quantities

Electrical Mechanical
Quantity Analog
Voltage, e Velocity, v
Current, i Force, f
Lubricity, 1/B
Resistance, R
(Inverse friction)
Capacitance, C Mass, M
Compliance, 1/K
Inductance, L
(Inverse spring constant)
Transformer, N1:N2 Lever, L1:L2
Phsical System
Analogous Equations
Phsical System
Analogous Equations
 Conversion from Electrical to Mechanical 1 -- Visual Method

Start with an electrical

circuit. Label all node voltages.

a
Draw over circuit, replacing
electrical elements with their
analogs; current sources replaced by
force generators, voltage sources by
input velocities, resistors with
friction elements, inductors with
springs, and capacitors (which must
be grounded) by capacitors. Each
node becomes a position.

Label currents, positions, and

mechanical elements as they were in
the original electrical circuits.
Phsical System
 In general, A system is an interconnection of
components.

E
C

D
B F
System Description and Analysis
Procedure
 In order to analyze a system, System will
have the following properties:
 It will be composed of connected assembly of
finite number of components
 The pattern of component interconnection is
recongnizable
 Each component can be characterized in a
manner entirely independent of any other
component connected to it.
System Description and Analysis
Procedure
 The analysis procedure
 Modeling: The characterization of components
by mathemical models
 Formulation: The development of sets of
equations describing the overall system
 Solution: The mathematical procedures of
solving the equations formulated.
Modeling
 Each component in a system can be studied
in isolation and a mathematical model can be
develop for it. The procedure to obtain the
mathematical model is either experimental
i.e., determined after performing certain tests
on the component, or, based upon the
knowledge of the physics of the components.
Formulation
 When the mathematical models of all the
components in the system are established, a
set of equations called system equations is
derived by combining the mathematical model
of the components with the equations
describing the interconnection pattern of
these components.
Solution
 By solving the system equations, the
responses (outputs) can be expressed
uniquely in terms of the excitations (inputs).
Circuit Elements and Their
Mathematical Models
 Circuit elements or components are the
building blocks of a network.
 As explained, their properties can be put into
a mathematical representation by making a
number of observations (electrical
measurements) at the terminals of the
components.
Circuit Elements and Their
Mathematical Models
A1
A

Exciting
V
Circuit

A2

A1 a1
+
A
+
V i(t) v(t)

A2 a2
connection of Ammeter and Voltmeter
terminal graph
to the two-terminal component
Circuit Elements and Their
Mathematical Models
 i(t) and v(t) are terminal variables
 The ralation between the terminal variables is
called terminal equation.
 The terminal equation of a two-terminal
component is
f(v,i)=0
or

� dv di �
v, i, , �= 0
f�
� dt dt �
Circuit Elements and Their
Mathematical Models
 Mathematical Model of the Component
consists of the terminal graph and the
terminal equation.

{ terminal graph; terminal equation}

constitute the mathematical model of the
component
Example: Mathematical Model of a
Diode

A a

i(t) v(t)

B b

{
mathematical model
Mathematical Model of Multi-
Terminal Components

A 5-terminal network element Measurement Graph

Mathematical Model of Multi-
Terminal Components

Measurement Graph One of the terminal trees of the 5-

terminal component
First Postulate of Network Theory
 All the properties of an n-terminal component
can be described by a mathematical relation
between a set of (n-1) voltage and a set of (n-
1) current variables.
Terminal Equation of Multi-terminal
Components
 First Postulate of Network Theory shows that
the mathematical model of an n-terminal
component consists of a terminal graph (a
tree) and the mathematical relations, (n-1) in
numbers, between 2(n-1) terminal variables
which describe the physical behaviour of the
component.
 Hence the terminal equations of an n-terminal
component may have the following general
forms:
 Terminal Equation of Multi-terminal
Components

� di di din -1 dv1 dv2 dv �

i1 , i2 ,L , in -1 , v1 , v2 ,L , vn -1 , 1 , 2 ,L
f1 � , , , ,L , n -1 , t �= 0
� dt dt dt dt dt dt �
� di1 di2 din -1 dv1 dv2 dvn -1 �
f2 �i1 , i2 ,L , in -1 , v1 , v2 ,L , vn -1 , , ,L , , , ,L , , t �= 0
� dt dt dt dt dt dt �
M
� di di di dv dv dv �
i1 , i2 ,L , in -1 , v1 , v2 ,L , vn -1 , 1 , 2 ,L , n -1 , 1 , 2 ,L , n -1 , t �= 0
f n -1 �
� dt dt dt dt dt dt �

If column matrices or vectors are used to denote the totality of the

terminal voltage and current variables as
Terminal Equation of Multi-terminal
Components

�i1 (t ) � �v1 (t ) � �f1 (.) �

�i (t ) � �v (t ) � �f (.) �
i (t ) = �2 � , v (t ) = � 2 �, f (t ) = � 2 �
�M � � M � � M �
� � � � � �
i (
�n -1 �t ) v (
�n -1 �t ) f (.)
�n -1 �

Then the terminal equations can be written in a more compact form as

follows:

� d d �
i, v, i, v, t �= 0
f�
� dt dt �