Conclusion About the Null

Hypothesis Using t-statistic

Marilou A. Basilio
Subject Teacher
 REVIEW
1. Enumerate the first 4 Steps in Hypothesis Testing
2. Plotting the Acceptance and Rejection Region
2-tailed test

1-tailed test (right) 1-tailed test (left)

MOTIVATION: How can you use
hypothesis testing in the life of an ABM
student entrep?
ONE-ACT PLAY
(the student entrepreneurs)
**3 students will act as entrepreneurs and they are arguing over their alleged income for
the past few weeks. **
• Student 1 says that their average daily income from selling the ‘tinudok’ is Php500
because in the past few weeks, they have been earning close to 500 or beyond 500
daily.
• Student 2 says, you are overestimating, it does not really reach 500, it is true that it
sometimes reaches 500 but it is only occasional. Oftentimes, the income is below 500.
• Student 3 says, to prove or disprove the claim, let’s do hypothesis testing to check
who has the correct assumption, Student 1 or 2?
What is the claim?
What is the random variable?
What is the parameter to test?
Ho:?
H1:?
Level of significance?
 T-test in Hypothesis Testing
Conditions to use t-test

 If parameter to be tested is the mean;

 If population variance (σ2) is unkown;
 If population is known to be normal;
 if the sample is random;
 Sample Problem: E-shopping
Shopee, Phils. claims that its average number of
days before delivery arrives is 8 days (in a
remote province). An online shopper tested this
claim by checking his 10 most recent receipts. It
is assumed that the distribution of delivery days
is normal. The data are as follows:

12 7 10 11 8
14 8 9 18 10
 Shopee Problem
5-step procedure:
1. Ho: µ = 8 days
2. H1: µ ≠ 8 days
3. α = 0.05, t-statistic Rejection Region

t0.025, 9 =-2.262 t0.025, 9 = 2.262

4. Compute: t= 10.7 - 8
3.3/√10
= 2.58
5. Conclusion: Reject Ho!, µ > 8 days
 Group Activity
1. Group the class into 5. Each group identifies a
leader/facilitator, a secretary and a presenter.
2. Each group representative will pick a problem at
random (to put into practice random sampling). They
solve as a group then assign the presenter to show
solution on the board and explain solution.
3. To facilitate the solving process, the groups are advised
to use the calculator shortcuts (calculation hacks)
previously practiced in class.
4. The first 3 groups who solved their assigned problem
will show their solution on the board and it will be
checked if the solution is correct using Microsoft Excel
Statistical Function (Data Analysis ToolPack).
 Problem 1
A Grade 11 student in Statistics and Probability
claims that a worded hypothesis testing problem
can be solved in 8 minutes. Solving time is found to
be approximately normal. Five problems were given
and the average solving times are as follows:

6.5 9.0
7.1 6.7
3.8

Use α = 0.05 to test the claim.

 Problem 2
The average height of male Senior High students
in Tagudin National High School is 162 cm.
Historical data revealed that heights are
normally distributed. 8 students were measured
for their heights. Data are as follows:
160.2 161.5 162.3 167.1
162.8 164.2 169.5 162

Is the claim true? Use α = 0.05.

 Problem 3
The average preparation time for Black Pepper
Burger (Minute Burger-Tagudin Branch) is 4.7
minutes. A customer claims that he waited more
than 4.7 minutes. 9 orders of the same product
were timed and the result are as follows:
5.1 5.3 5.0
3.9 5.2 4.4
4.1 4.6 4.5
Assume that the preparation time is normal and
use level of significance α = 0.05.
 Problem 4
The average time that Senior High students goes
out for ‘necessity’ (restroom visits) is 4.2
minutes. 15 students observed at random going
out from their class for restroom breaks. Data
recorded are as follows:
6.0 3.2 5.5 4.1 7.5 3.0 6.5 7.1
5.4 2.2 4.3 6.1 3.4 5.2 4.3
Is there a reason for the teacher to believe that
students stay out more than 4.2 minutes?
 Problem 5
A millenial according to studies is believed to be on their
phones and gadgets at an average of 15 hours per day. 7
millenials were observed and recorded the data as
follows:

11.5 20.8 13.2 15.5

10.2 5.5 18.4

Is there a reason to believe that millenials are now

reducing dependence on their phones and gadgets?
Assume that phone usage is approximately normal and
use 0.05 level of significance to test the claim.
The first 3 groups who solved their assigned
problem will show their solution on the board
and it will be checked if the solution is correct
using Microsoft Excel Statistical Function (Data
Analysis ToolPack).
Checking Use MS Excel-Problem 1
t-Test
Variable Solving Time of Hypothesis Testing-
Worded Problems
Mean 6.62
Variance 3.467
Observations 5
df 5
t Stat 4.751022149
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.002549946
t Critical one-tail 2.015048373
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.005099891
t Critical two-tail 2.570581836
 Checking Use MS Excel-Problem 2
t-Test
Variable Height of Male Senior High Students
Mean 163.7
Variance 9.742857143
Observations 8
df 8
t Stat 70.91881609
P(T<=t) one-tail 8.70184E-13
t Critical one-tail 1.859548038
P(T<=t) two-tail 1.74037E-12
t Critical two-tail 2.306004135
Checking Use MS Excel-Problem 3
t-Test
Variable Preparation Time for Black Pepper Burger
Mean 4.677777778
Variance 0.249444444
Observations 9
df 9
t Stat 12.70775519
P(T<=t) one-tail 2.35955E-07
t Critical one-tail 1.833112933
P(T<=t) two-tail 4.71909E-07
t Critical two-tail 2.262157163
Checking Use MS Excel-Problem 4
t-Test
Variable Average Restroom 'visit' time of SH students
Mean 4.92
Variance 2.493142857
Observations 15
df 15
t Stat 4.284590287
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.000325851
t Critical one-tail 1.753050356
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.000651702
t Critical two-tail 2.131449546
Checking Use MS Excel-Problem 5
t-Test
Variable Hours spent on the phone by a millenial
Mean 13.58571429
Variance 26.7047619
Observations 7
df 7
t Stat 3.541638905
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.004724533
t Critical one-tail 1.894578605
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.009449067
t Critical two-tail 2.364624252
 Check your understanding
1. What are the steps in hypothesis testing?
2. If the computed t-value = - 2.43, what will be
your conclusion given the rejection region below?

t0.05, 14= 1.761

3. If P(value) = 0.20, what will be the conclusion?