Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Truly Nordic
Svenska Kemistsamfundets Polymerdagar
1963 organized by Prof. Bengt Rånby
15 Presentations from Sweden
2 Presentations from USA
1 Presentation from Denmark by a graduate
student named Charles M. Hansen
The “Nordic” requirement, presentations from
at least two Nordic countries, was fulfilled.
UNDERSTANDING ABSORPTION IN POLYMERS:
KEY TO IMPROVING BARRIER PROPERTIES
NORDIC POLYMER DAYS 2013 HELSINKI
Charles M. Hansen, Actively Retired
Law 1: F = - D0(c/x)
Dimensionless time:
2 2 2
T = D0t/L (cm /s)(s/cm )
Dimensionless distance:
X = x/L
Dimensionless concentration:
C = (c – c0)/(c - c0)
Isotope Self-
4 technique diffusion
0.2 Vf ~ 1 decade DC
6 Absorption
- LOG D, cm²/sec
D 1 (dry film)
8
0.03 Vf ~ Desorption DAPP
1 decade
10
Absorption
12
14
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Vf
DRYING OF A LACQUER FILM
(Hansen, 1963, 1967, 1968)
10 1
V2 = 10 6
Vt = 10 10
CA = 0·2
B as indicated
Volume Solvent / Volume Polymer
Exptl.
10 165 microns
10 -2
10 -7 10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2
DO t
T, Dimensionsless
(L) 2
RELATIVE SOLVENT RETENTION
(HANSEN, 1967)
MOLECULAR SIZE AND SHAPE
Cl
H3C CH3
O
+
N
O O H3C O CH3
O
Cl O
O
H3C O CH3 CH3
HC H3C
H3C3 CH3
CH3
OH O H3C
HO
O
O CH3
+
N
CH3 O O
H3C
CH3 CH3
O
O CH3 HO CH3
+ O
N
CH3 CH3 O O O
O
OH
CH3 O HO H3C
O CH3
O
H3C CH3
DESORPTION AND ABSORPTION GIVE SAME
D(c) WITH CORRECTION (HANSEN 1967, 2007)
Isotope
- LOG diffusion coefficient at 20 °C, cm²/sec
8
Absorption F = Fa x FB F = Fa x FB
= 1.3 x 1.25 = 1.2 x 250
Fa = 1.8 = 1.63 = 300
Fd = 144
10
Desorption
(to vacuum)
12
Fd = 40
14
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Vf
ABSORPTION WITH CORRECTIONS
(Fa) REQUIRED FOR D(c) AND FB FOR Rs
Chlorobenzene / polyvinyl acetate
1.0 L = 118 µm
C0 = 0.22 Vf
0.8 C = 0.27 Vf
Mt / M
0.6 Fa ½ = 1.3
D = 1.8(10)-8 cm² FB = 1.25 B ~ 15
sec
0.4 Fa ½ x F B = 1.63
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t , min ½
Data: Hasimi et al. Eur.Polym.J. 2008;44:4098-4107
ABSORPTION OF WATER VAPOR INTO PVAlc
FROM BONE DRY TO 0.748 VOLUME FRACTION
POTENTIALLY SIGNIFICANT SURFACE
EFFECTS IN VAPOR ABSORPTION
1200
300
1000
200
800
Weight change in mg/g
100
600
Hexane
0 THF
0 5 10 15 20
400 Diethylether
1,2-Dichloroethylene
200
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sqrt time in min
S-SHAPED CURVES CAUSED BY SURFACE
RESISTANCE (NIELSEN, HANSEN 2005)
60
Weigth change in mg/g
50
40
Butylacetate
30
Ethylacetate
20
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Sqrt time in min
Apparent h and Equilibrium Uptake for
®
COC Topas 6013 on Liquid Contact
Solvent Apparent h, cm/s Equilibrium uptake, vol. fraction
Tetrahydrofuran 1.89(10)-4 0.676
Hexane 7.78(10)-6 0.351
Diethyl ether 1.21(10)-6 0.268
Propylamine 1.49(10)-7 0.181
Ethylene dichloride 1.18(10)-7 0.176
Ethyl acetate 1.46(10)-8 0.076
n-Butyl acetate 8.30(10)-10 0.202
Phenyl acetate 0 0
Acetophenone 0 0
1,4-Dioxane 0 0
Tetrahydrofuran apparent h is too low since diffusion controls.
-3.5
-4
-4.5
-5
log(h)
-5.5
-6
-6.5
-7
-7.5
-8
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
C (Saturated Vol Fraction)
MAJOR REFERENCES EXPLAINING
“ANOMALIES” USING DIFFUSION EQUATION
Chapter 16 of Second Edition of Hansen Solubility
Parameters: A User’s Handbook, CRC Press, 2007.
Hansen CM. The significance of the surface condition in
solutions to the diffusion equation: explaining
"anomalous" sigmoidal, Case II, and Super Case II
absorption behavior. Eur Polym J 2010;46;651-662.
Abbott S, Hansen CM, Yamamoto H. Hansen Solubility
Parameters in Practice, www.hansen-solubility.com.
(includes software for absorption, desorption and
permeation)
Downloads on www.hansen-solubility.com. Including this
presentation with comments
Thomas and Windle Case II Example
Methanol/PMMA with Iodine Tracer
Straight line absorption
with linear time cited as
excellent example of
Case II behavior.
This result is duplicated:
Diffusion equation with
significant surface effect
and exponential D(c)
Thomas and Windle Case II Example
Windle, “Case II Sorption” in Comyn, Polymer Permeability (1985)
www.hansen-solubility.com
PERMEATION WITH SURFACE
AND/OR EXTERNAL RESISTANCES
F = p/(L/Papp) = p/(L/P + R1 + R2 + R3 …)
L/Papp = L/P + R1 + R2 + R3 ….
20
15
10
P
5
1 x 10-3
0 5 10 15 20 25 L
DIFFUSION SIDE EFFECTS
2 2
(RED) = (Ra/Ro) corresponds to / in
12 c
Huggins/Flory Theory
FREE ENERGY CHANGE, G,
DETERMINES SOLUBILITY OR NOT
Free energy G must be negative for solution